 Communicating with the Computer

 Organizing the Solution with Tools

 Testing the Solution
 Coding the Solution

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 List and describe development tools
 Use problem analysis chart
 Use interactivity chart
 Use IPO chart
 Use algorithms (flowcharts and pseudocode)
 Describe importance of documentation

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 We use programming language to communicate
with a computer
 Different type of programming language applies
different syntax.
◦ Syntax:
Syntax the rules governing the computer operating
system, language and application
◦ Bug : Coding error in a computer program
◦ Debugging:
Debugging Process to find and correct the coding
errors (bugs)

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 Four (4) categories of tools can be used to organize
solutions to problems on a computer:
◦ Problem Analysis Chart (PAC)
◦ Interactivity Chart / Structure Chart
◦ IPO Chart
◦ Algorithm
 Flowchart
 pseudocode

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 Shows a beginning analysis of the problem
 Programmer will try to understand and analyze
requirements of the problem
 Allows programmer to glean only facts from the
problem
 Separated into four (4) parts:
1. The given data
2. The required results
3. The processing that is required in the problem
4. A list of solution alternatives

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 Shows the overall layout or structure of the solution
 Divide the processing identified into subtasks called
modules
 these modules are connected together to show the
interaction of processing between modules
 Each module contain tasks for one function, not more
than 20 instructions
◦ Example of function:
 Enter data
 Print result
 calculate result

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 All modules are being controlled by a Control or
Main Module
 The breakdown (in the format of chart) allows

programmer to view a complex problem in a few

simpler parts.

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Do you know what are these
symbols???
Triangle on upper left of box??
Circle in chart??
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Diamond shape after Module2??
 The control module, read
module, calculation module,
and print module are BASIC to
most programs.
 From there, add other modules
as needed along with the
addition of processing symbols
to show:
◦ Duplicates
◦ Decision
◦ Repetition in a loop
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 IPO(Input, processing and output)
Chart
 Extends and organizes information in problem
analysis chart (PAC) and the interactive chart
 Combine the strength of the interactive chart with

the strength of the Problem Analysis chart

 Consists of four (4) main sections:

◦ Input
◦ Processing
◦ Module reference
◦ Output

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 Shows more detail/information about:
◦ What data items are input??
◦ What processing takes place on each specific data??
◦ What information is output??
 Sequence of completing IPO Chart:
1.Output
2.Input
3.Processing Is the sequence logical?? Why??

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 Algorithm
 Shows the sequence of instructions, which will
form solution
 A good algorithm’s criteria:

◦ Instructions cannot assume anything

◦ Cannot skip steps
◦ Must be executable one step at a time
◦ Must be 100% complete
 Two types of algorithm representation:
◦ Flowchart
◦ Pseudocode

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 Flowchart
 Graphical representation of algorithm, which
shows the flow of the processing from the
beginning to the end of a solution.
 A flowchart always starts at the top of the

page and flows to the bottom

 There are flowchart symbols for use with

various types of processing.

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 Flowchart -
Read Module in the Payroll
Problem

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 Flowchart –
Calc Module in the Payroll
Problem

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Flowchart and Pseudocode for
Print Module in the Payroll
Problem

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How to simplify this
flowchart??

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 Pseudocode
 Algorithm which is represented in simple English
form
 Each instruction is written on a separate line
 Starts with “Start/Begin” and terminates with

“End”
 Keywords and instructions are written from top

to bottom, with only ONE entry and ONE exit.

 Groups of statements are formed into module,

and each module is given a specific name

(however, this is optional).

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 Pseudocode (Cont.)
 Important keywords:
1. A computer can receive information
 Keyword: Read, Get
2. A computer can show information
 Keyword: Display, Print, Write
3. A computer can perform arithmetic calculation

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 Pseudocode (Cont.)
4. A computer can assign value to memory
location
 Keyword: Set, Initialize
5. A computer can compare two variables to
decide which action to be taken
 Keyword; IF….ELSE…..END_IF
6. A computer can repeat a group of action.
 Keyword: WHILE…END_WHILE, REPEAT…..UNTIL

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Begin
REPEAT
Get Hours, PayRate
GrossPay = Hours * PayRate
Display GrossPay
UNTIL NoMoreEmployee = True
End

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 Try to organize solution for problem
illustrated below, with the help of FOUR (4)
tools that you have learnt in this chapter.

Build a program that read the value of

the height, width and length of a box
from the user and print its volume.

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 Documentation

 Consists of two main types:

◦ Internal documentation
◦ External documentation

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 Internal Documentation
 For programmers
 Made up of remarks written with the instructions
to explain what is being done in the computer
program, so that it can b easily understood by
other programmers
 Example:
 what is the main purpose of developing this program
 What are the meaning of certain code blocks
 Status of program development
 ??

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 External Documentation
 For end users
 Made up of manuals or help menus written about
the solutions.
 Example:
 Tutorial which shows the steps to use program
 Installation instruction
 Help files
 ??

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 Coding the Solution
 To be performed after the completion of
analyzing problem and organizing the solution.
 A process of converting algorithm into real

program by using appropriate type of

programming language

 Java language : to be covered in practical class

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 Testing the Solution
 to make sure that the solution meets
requirements of user
 to check for errors in logic or in setup of the

expressions and equations.

 programmer selects test data (a set of values

for input data)and works them through every

step in the solution.
◦ Example: to test expression X/Y
 Test data for X and Y should be any numbers other than
1. WHY??

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  Thanks for listening

 QUESTIONS??????????????