CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY

IT
CABADBARAN CITY

APPS
I.T Application Tools in
Business
Week 5-6. Evolution of Computer

❑ History of Computer
❑ Classification of Digital Computer System
❑ Characteristics of Computer
❑ Laboratory Exercise (Word Processing)

CSUCC CEIT Information Technology

Department
 ABACUS 4th Century B.C.

❑ The abacus was invented in ancient Mesopotamia, around 2300 BCE. It is believed to have
originated in the region that is now modern-day Iraq.
❑ The earliest form of the abacus was a simple counting tool, consisting of stones or beads
that could be moved along rods or grooves to represent numbers. This device allows users
to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack.
❑ Over time, the abacus spread to various cultures, including China, Greece, and Rome,
where it was refined and adapted for different uses in commerce, trade, and education.
The version that most people are familiar with today, particularly the "Chinese abacus,"
was developed later and is still used in some places for arithmetic calculations.
❑ Considered the first computer
First Computer
Arithmetic
Calculation

ABACUS
BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662)

❑ In 1642, the French mathematician and

philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating
device that would come to be called the "Adding
Machine“ or “numerical wheel calculator”.
❑ One of the first and earliest mechanical devices
used for calculating (adding and subtraction) and
its was called Pascaline.
 BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662)

❑ Pascal's invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials or

cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As one dial
turned 10 notches - or a complete revolution - it
mechanically turned the next dial.
❑ While the Pascaline was an innovative invention, it was
not widely adopted due to its complexity, cost, and
limited functionality. Nonetheless, it laid the
groundwork for future developments in mechanical
computing and is an important milestone in the history
of calculators and computing devices.
❑ Only performed addition, not multiplication or division
 CHARLES BABBAGE(1791 - 1871)

❑ Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and engineer is

often referred to as the "father of the computer" due to his groundbreaking work
in the field of computing.
❑ In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a
machine that would calculate tables for logarithms called the “Difference Engine”.
(Prototype: due to technological limitations of the time, lack of funding, and
disagreements with his collaborators, the full machine was never completed
during his lifetime.)
❑ Device was to calculate numbers to 20th place and print them at 4 digits per
minute.
 Charles Babbage
1822 Babbage's Difference Engine
❑ In the 1990s, a working version of Babbage's Difference Engine
No. 2 was finally constructed by the Science Museum in
London, based on his original designs. This machine
demonstrated the feasibility of Babbage's vision and marked a
significant milestone in the history of computing.
❑ Although Babbage never fully realized the Difference Engine in
his time, his work laid the foundation for future developments
in computing. His later invention, the Analytical Engine, is
considered the precursor to the modern computer, as it
introduced the concept of a programmable machine with an
arithmetic logic unit.
 Analytical Engine
❑ 1833
❑ Used to perform a variety of calculations by following a set
of instructions or programs stored on punch cards
❑ Machine only designed but never built
❑ Many aspects of its design were recorded in
immaculate detail in Babbage's drawings and
mechanical notation. It was to be programmed by
means of punched cards, similar to those used in the
weaving looms designed by Joseph Marie Jacquard.
Charles Babbage

Considered the “Father of Computers”

First Computer Programmer

Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace

 Herman Hollerith

❑ He is an American inventor and statistician best known

for developing a mechanical tabulating machine
❑ It is a machine that help process the result of the 1980
Census, which used punched cards to store data. In
1924 it became part of the International Business
Machine Corporation known as IBM.
Tabulating Machine
❑Used electricity rather than mechanical gears
❑Holes representing information to be
tabulated were punched in cards
❑The location of each hole represented a
specific piece of information (male vs. female)
❑Cards inserted into the machine and metal
pins used to open and close electrical circuts
❑If the circuit was closed, a computation was
increased by one
Hollerith’s Punch Card

Matiste 2015
Tabulating Machine Company

International Business Machines

Matiste 2015
HOWARD AIKEN (1900 - 1973)

❑Howard Aiken was an American mathematician and computer scientist, best known
for leading the development of the Harvard Mark I, one of the first large-scale
automatic digital computers. He (Aiken) thought he could create a modern and
functioning model of Babbage's Analytical Engine.
❑He succeeded in securing a grant of 1 million dollars for his proposed Automatic
Sequence Calculator; the Mark I for short. From IBM.
❑In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet in
length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were required to connect each
component.
 HOWARD AIKEN (1900 - 1973)

❑ The Mark I did transform Babbage's dream into reality and did succeed in
putting IBM's name on the forefront of the computer industry. From 1944 on,
modern computers would forever be associated with digital intelligence.
Howard Aiken

Mark I
Mark I Calculator
 ENIAC -1943- 1946
❑ Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
❑ It was created by two American engineers and scientists:
John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. They are credited as
the primary inventors and developers of the machine,
which became one of the first general-purpose electronic
digital computers. A machine that computed at speeds
1,000 times faster than the Mark I was capable of only 2
years earlier.
❑ Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5
million soldered joints this massive instrument required the
output of a small power station to operate it.
Vacuum Tubes

They were large, slow, expensive, and produced a lot of

heat. In addition, first-generation computers often broke
down because of burned-out vacuum tubes.

Matiste 2015
TRANSISTOR (1947)

❑ In the laboratories of Bell Telephone, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain

and William Shockley discovered the "transfer resistor"; later labeled
the transistor.
🖰Advantages:
🖰 increased reliability
🖰 consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum tubes
🖰 were a fraction of the cost
TRANSISTOR (1947)
❑ This tiny device had a huge impact on and
extensive implications for modern computers. In
1956, the transistor won its creators the Noble
Peace Prize for their invention.
Transistor Radio
ALTAIR (1975

🖰 The invention of the transistor made

computers smaller, cheaper and more
reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for the
entrance of the computer into the domestic
realm. In 1975, the age of personal computers
commenced. 🖰 ALTAIR FACTS:
🖰Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the
🖰 No Keyboard
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry 🖰 No Video Display
Company (MITS) wanted to design a 🖰 No Storage Device
computer 'kit' for the home hobbyist.
IBM (PC)(1981)

❑ On August 12, 1981 IBM announced its own personal computer.

❑ Using the 16bit Intel 8088 microprocessor, allowed for increased speed
and huge amounts of memory.
❑ Unlike the Altair that was sold as unassembled computer kits, IBM
sold its "ready-made" machine through retailers and by qualified
salespeople.
MACINTOSH (1984)

❑ The Apple Macintosh debuts in 1984.

It features a simple, graphical
interface, uses the 8-MHz, 32-bit
Motorola 68000 CPU, and has a built-
in 9-inch B/W screen.
🖰 Cost $2,495
Computer Generation

❑ There are five generations of computer:

• First generation – 1946 - 1958
• Second generation – 1959 - 1964
• Third generation – 1965 - 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 – today
• Fifth generation – Today to future
The First Generation

 The first computers used vacuum tubes for

circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire
rooms. • They were very expensive to
operate and in addition to using a great deal
of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which
was often the cause of malfunctions.
The Second Generation

❑ Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the

second generation of computers.
❑ One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
❑ Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient and more reliable.
❑ Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the
computer.

Transistor
The Third Generation

❑ The development of the integrated circuit was

the hallmark of the third generation of
computers.
❑ Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.
❑ Much smaller and cheaper compare to the Integrated Circuit
second generation computers.
❑ It could carry out instructions in billionths of a
second.
The Third Generation

❑ The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark

of the third generation of computers.
❑ Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the
speed and efficiency of computers.
❑ Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second
generation computers.
❑ It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
Integrated Circuit
The Fourth Generation

❑ The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark

of the third generation of computers.
❑ Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the
speed and efficiency of computers.
❑ Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second
generation computers.
❑ It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
Microprocessor
The Fifth Generation

❑ Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

❑ Still in development.
❑ The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality.
❑ The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
❑ There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
Classification of Digital Computer

❑ The digital computers that are available now a days vary in their sizes and types.
These digital computers are broadly classified into four categories based on their
size and type.
⮚ Micro Computer
⮚ Mini Computer
⮚ Mainframe Computer
⮚ Super Computer
Classification of Digital Computer
❑ Micro Computer- Micro Computer are small low cast and single user digital computers. It is a device with
microprocessor, Input unit ,storage unit and CPU(Central Processing Unit). Microcomputer Computer
formerly a commonly used term for Personal Computers particularly any of class of any small digital
computers.
❑ Types of Micro Computers

Notebook Computers or Laptop

Netbook
Smart Phones
Tablet
 Classification of Digital Computer
❑ Mini Computer-These perform multi-tasking and allow terminals to be connected to their services, the
ability to connect minicomputers to each other and mainframes has popularized them among larger
businesses. This use is being challenged by the development in the microcomputer range and the practice of
starting resources of microcomputer under a network.Minicomputer are still recognized as being able to
process large amounts of data.
❑ Types of Mini Computers

Laptop
Desktop Computer or Personal
Computer(PC) Smart Phones
Tablet
Classification of Digital Computer
❑ Mainframe Compute-Main frame computers generally require special attention and are kept in a controlled
atmosphere. They are multi-tasking and generally used in areas where large database are maintained
example as government agency or airline.

IBM Linux ONE

Classification of Digital Computer
❑ Super Computer- Super Computers operate very fast and have multiple
processors. There are very few of these machines in existence due to their cost.
This type of computer has been developed for scientific applications usually
involving complex arithmetic and mathematical operations. One such use is in
weather forecasting. A supercomputer is a type of computer that has the
architecture, resources and components to achieve massive computing power.
Although advances like multi-core processors and GPGPUs (general-purpose
graphics processing units) have enabled powerful machines for personal use
(see: desktop supercomputer, GPU supercomputer), by definition, a supercomputer
is exceptional in terms of performance.
Classification of Digital Computer

Year Supercomputer Peak speed Location

2016 Sunway TaihuLight 93.01 PFLOPS Wuxi, China

2013 NUDT Tianhe-2 33.86 PFLOPS Guangzhou,

China
2012 Cray Titan 17.59 PFLOPS Oak Ridge,
U.S.
2012 IBM Sequoia 17.17 PFLOPS Livermore,
U.S.
2011 Fujitsu K computer 10.51 PFLOPS Kobe, Japan
Characteristics of Computer
❖ Speed- means the duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or
completing an activity. It is well-known that computers need very little time than
humans in completing a task.
❖ Accuracy- means the level of precision with which calculations are made and
tasks are performed. One may invest years of his life in detecting errors in
computer calculations or updating a wrong record. A large part of mistakes in
Computer Based Information System(CBIS) occurs due to bad programming,
erroneous data, and deviation from rules. Humans cause these mistakes.
Characteristics of Computer
❖ Reliability- is the quality due to which the user can stay dependable on the
computer. Computers systems are well-adjusted to do repetitive tasks. They
never get tired, bored or fatigued. Hence, they are a lot reliable than humans.
Still, there can be failures of a computer system due to internal and external
reasons.
❖ Adaptability- means the quality of it to complete a different type of tasks:
simple as well as complex. Computers are normally versatile unless designed
for a specific operation.
❖ Storage capability- is the ability of the computer to store data in itself for
accessing it again in future. Nowadays, apart from having instantaneous
access to data, computers have a huge ability to store data in a little physical
space.
Limitation of Computer
❖ Lack of common-sense-This is one of the major limitations of computer systems. No
matter how efficient, fast and reliable computer systems might be but yet do not have any
common sense because no full-proof algorithm has been designed to programmed logic
into them. As computers function based on the stored program(s), they simply lack
common sense.
❖ Zero IQ- Another of the limitations of computer systems is that they have zero Intelligence
Quotient (IQ). They are unable to see and think the actions to perform in a particular
situation unless that situation is already programmed into them. Computers are
programmable to complete each and every task, however small it may be.
❖ Lack of Decision-making-Decision-making is a complicated process involving
information, knowledge, intelligence, wisdom, and ability to judge. The computer system
does not have the ability to make decisions on their own because they do not possess all
the essentials of decision-making.