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Lec 7

The document covers aircraft flight dynamics, focusing on the properties of air, the ideal gas equation, and the standard atmosphere. It explains how temperature, pressure, and density change with altitude, particularly in the troposphere and stratosphere, and provides equations for calculating these variables. Additionally, it discusses atmospheric models and the use of standard atmosphere tables for flight operations.

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shashwat
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16 views20 pages

Lec 7

The document covers aircraft flight dynamics, focusing on the properties of air, the ideal gas equation, and the standard atmosphere. It explains how temperature, pressure, and density change with altitude, particularly in the troposphere and stratosphere, and provides equations for calculating these variables. Additionally, it discusses atmospheric models and the use of standard atmosphere tables for flight operations.

Uploaded by

shashwat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIRCRAFT FLIGHT

DYNAMICS

Lecture 7
ANNOUNCEMENT
HW1 due next Wednesday

More complete f table here


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AIR, OUR FLIGHT
ENVIRONMENT
• What is Air?
• A gas made up of nitrogen, oxygen, and several other constituents

• Behavior of air?
• How properties like temperature, pressure, and density relate to
each other

• Ideal or Perfect Gas Equation of State:

P=ρRT
• P is the barometric or hydrostatic pressure
• ρ is the density
• T is the temperature in Kelvin or Rankine

• R is the gas constant for air


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THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

• Hydrostatic Equation:

• tells us how pressure changes with height in a column of fluid

• how pressure changes as we move up or down through


the atmosphere

• Three (or four) variables in the two equations; pressure, density,


and temperature (and height.)
• Another equation?
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ASSUMPTION: LET’S USE A w

MODEL
• We need some relationship that can tell us how
temperature should vary with altitude in the atmosphere.
• Many years of measurement and observation have shown
that, in general, the lower portion of the atmosphere, where
most airplanes fly, can be modeled in two segments, the
Troposphere and the Stratosphere:
• The temperature in the Troposphere is found to drop
fairly linearly as altitude increases (this continues up to
about 36,100 feet (about 11,000 meters))
• Above this altitude the temperature is found to hold
constant up to altitudes over 100,000 ft. This constant
temperature region is the lower part of the Stratosphere
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LINEAR TEMPERATURE DROP IN w

TROPOSPHERE

T alt =T sea level –Lh

“L” is called the “lapse rate”, from


over a hundred years of
measurements it has been found that
a normal, average
lapse rate is:

L = 3.56o R / 1000 ft
= 6.5o K / 1000 meters

Is that enough?
TSL = 288o K = 520o R = (59o F)
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EXAMPLE

• Find the standard atmosphere temperature for an airplane


flying at 30000 ft, in Fahrenheit, Celsius, Rankine and Kelvin.
• Also find air pressure and density.

• Note: h should be in thousands (meters or feet)


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COMBINING THE THREE
EQUATIONS

We have equations to find pressure, density, and temperature at any


altitude in the troposphere.

Care must be taken with units when using these equations:

All temperatures must be in absolute values (Kelvin or Rankine instead of


Celsius or Fahrenheit).

The exponents in the pressure and density ratio equations must be unitless.
Exponents cannot have units!

Use these equations up to the top of the Troposphere, that is, up to


11,000 meters or 36,100 feet in altitude.
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THE STRATOSPHERE

• We can use the temperature lapse rate equation result at


11,000 meters altitude to find the temperature in this
part of the Stratosphere:

• TStratosphere = 216.5o K = 389.99o R = constant

• h1 is the 11,000 meters or 36,100 ft (depending on the


unit system used)
• h2 is the altitude where the pressure or density is to be
calculated
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STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

• Using the previous equations, we can find the pressure,


temperature, or density anywhere an airplane might fly!
• It is common to tabulate this information into a standard
atmosphere table.
• Most such tables also include the speed of sound and the air
viscosity, both of which are functions of temperature. Tables in
both SI and English units are shown in the next slide.
• Columns are, from left to right:
• Altitude, Temperature, Speed of sound, Pressure, Density,
Viscosity
SI
UNITS
ENGLISH UNITS
ENGLISH UNITS (CON’T)
OTHER ATMOSPHERIC MODELS

• “Arctic Minimum” and “Tropical Maximum” atmosphere


models.
• The standard atmosphere is our model and it turns out
that this model serves us well.

• One way we use this model is to determine our altitude in


flight.
• How can we measure altitude?
• Video: https://youtu.be/L1ml_vIibJc?t=74
AIRCRAFT
PROPULSIO
N
Jet
Engines
PROPULSION
SYSTEMS,
VIDEO: Jet Engines have a wide range of designs;
most basic is a “turbojet”, shown above.
HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/AM
VRL0FU1NG?T=30

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