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Magma Formation

The document discusses endogenic processes, detailing the Earth's internal temperature, heat redistribution, and the formation of magma. It explains key concepts such as decompression melting, viscosity, and processes like crystal fractionation and magmatic differentiation. Additionally, it covers metamorphism, metamorphic grade, and the formation of foliation due to differential stress in rocks.

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Karl Vincent Nonog
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7 views15 pages

Magma Formation

The document discusses endogenic processes, detailing the Earth's internal temperature, heat redistribution, and the formation of magma. It explains key concepts such as decompression melting, viscosity, and processes like crystal fractionation and magmatic differentiation. Additionally, it covers metamorphism, metamorphic grade, and the formation of foliation due to differential stress in rocks.

Uploaded by

Karl Vincent Nonog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

The estimated internal temperature of the Earth


• The mantle and asthenosphere are considerably hotter than the lithosphere,
and the core is much hotter than the mantle.
• Core-mantle boundary: 3,700°C
• Inner-core – outer-core boundary: 6,300°C±800°C
• Earth’s center: 6,400°C±600°C
Redistribution of the Earth’s heat:
• Simultaneous conduction, convection and radiation
• Convection occurs at the mantle, but not between the core and mantle, or
even between the asthenosphere and lithosphere (except at sea-floor
spreading
• two primary sources of the Earth's internal heat?
Primordial heat and radioactive heat.

• tectonic settings where magma is formed.


mid-oceanic ridges, hot spots and subduction zones

• role of volatiles in the partial melting of rocks?


Volatiles help break the chemical bond in rocks, and
at the same time, lower the melting temperature of
rocks.
• decompression melting
Decompression melting is occurs by reducing the
pressure at a constant temperature.

• Earth's internal heat redistribution


Magma transfers the heat from the Earth’s interior to
the surface when it rises.

• how rising magma causes melting?


Rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it which
can melt the surrounding rocks at the shallower depths 95
How magma rises up ?

• At deeper levels, magma passes through mineral grain


boundaries and cracks in the surrounding rock. When
enough mass and buoyancy is attained, the overlying
surrounding rock is pushed aside as the magma rises.
Depending on surrounding pressure and other factors,
the magma can be ejected to the Earth’s surface or
rise at shallower levels underneath.
• At shallower levels, magma may no longer rise
because its density is almost the same as that of
the country rock. The magma starts to
accumulate and slowly solidifies. When the
magma solidifies at depth, it can form different
types of plutonic bodies.
Viscosity
A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
Magmas with low viscosity flow more easily
than those with high viscosity. Temperature,
silica content and volatile content control the
viscosity of magma.
Important processes
• Crystal Fractionation –a chemical process by which the composition of
a liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization.

• Partial Melting - as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz and


muscovite are basically the most stable minerals at the Earth’s surface,
making them the first ones to melt from the parent rock once exposed
in higher temperature and/or pressure. Partial melting of an
ultramafic rockin the mantle produces a basaltic magma.
• Magma mixing – this may occur when two different magma rises up,
with the more buoyant mass overtakes the more slowly rising body.
Magmatic differentiation
is the process of creating one or more
secondary magmas from single parent
magma.
What is the Bowen’s reaction series?

• Bowen’s reaction series describes the sequence of mineral


crystallization in a cooling magma.
• The two branches of the series are the continuous and discontinuous
branches.
• As the temperature drops, the discontinuous branch describes how
minerals are transformed into another type of mineral while the
continuous branch shows how calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar is
progressivelychanged into sodic plagioclase.
Metamorphism

is the recrystallization of minerals in rocks


due to a change in pressure and temperature
conditions.
Metamorphic grade
pertains to the temperature and/or
pressure condition(s) to which a
rock has been subjected during
metamorphism.
Foliation
is the pervasive planar structure that results
from the nearly parallel alignment of sheet
silicate minerals and/or compositional and
mineralogical layering in the rock
role of stress in the formation of
foliation?
• Foliation can occur when a differential stress
develops in rocks, wherein, the pressure acting
on all sides of the rock is not equal.
• Rounded grains can become flattened in the
direction of the maximum compressional stress.

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