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Vectors

The document explains the differences between scalar and vector quantities, highlighting that scalars have magnitude only while vectors have both magnitude and direction. It covers properties of vectors, vector addition, subtraction, and multiplication, including scalar and vector products. Additionally, it discusses the use of components and unit vectors in vector calculations and provides examples of practical applications.

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James Roy Maghuyop
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8 views30 pages

Vectors

The document explains the differences between scalar and vector quantities, highlighting that scalars have magnitude only while vectors have both magnitude and direction. It covers properties of vectors, vector addition, subtraction, and multiplication, including scalar and vector products. Additionally, it discusses the use of components and unit vectors in vector calculations and provides examples of practical applications.

Uploaded by

James Roy Maghuyop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VECTORS

Vector and Scalar Quantities


• A scalar quantity is completely specified by a single value with an
appropriate unit and has no direction.
• Other examples of scalar quantities are volume, mass, speed, and
time intervals. Some scalars are always positive, such as mass and
speed. Others, such as temperature, can have either positive or
negative values. The rules of ordinary arithmetic are used to
manipulate scalar quantities.
• A vector quantity is completely specified by a number with an
appropriate unit plus a direction.
• Another example of a vector quantity are displacement, velocity,
force, torque
Some Properties of vectors
• Equality of Two Vectors
• For many purposes, two vectors and may be defined to be
equal if they have the same magnitude and if they point in the
same direction. That is, = only if A = B and if and point in
the same direction along parallel lines.
Adding Vectors

• The rules for adding vectors are conveniently described by a


graphical method. To add vector to vector first draw vector on
graph paper, with its magnitude represented by a convenient
length scale, and then draw vector to the same scale, with its
tail starting from the tip of
• The resultant vector = + is the vector drawn from the tail of
to the tip of
• When two vectors are added, the sum is independent of the
order of the addition. This property, which can be seen from the
geometric construction, is known as the commutative law of
addition:
• + = +
• When three or more vectors are added, their sum is independent of the way in which
the individual vectors are grouped together for three vectors. This property is called the
associative law of addition:

• A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction and also obeys the laws
of vector addition
• Negative of a Vector
• The negative of the vector is defined as the vector that when added to
gives zero for the vector sum. That is +( ) = 0. the vectors and have the same
magnitude but point in opposite directions.
• Subtracting Vectors
• The operation of vector subtraction makes use of the definition
of the negative of a vector. We define the operation - ( ) as
vector added to vector .
• - = + (- )
Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
• If vector is multiplied by a positive scalar quantity m, the product m is a
vector that has the same direction as and magnitude mA. If vector is
multiplied by a negative scalar quantity m, the product -m is directed opposite
.
Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
• The method of adding vectors that makes use of the projections of
vectors along coordinate axes are called the components of the
vector or its rectangular components. Any vector can be
completely described by its components.

• =

• )
Unit Vectors
• Vector quantities often are expressed in terms of unit vectors. A unit
vector is a dimensionless vector having a magnitude of exactly 1. Unit
vectors are used to specify a given direction and have no other physical
significance. They are used solely as a bookkeeping convenience in
describing a direction in space.
• The symbols , , and to represent unit vectors pointing in the positive x, y,
and z directions, respectively. (The “hats,” or circumflexes, on the symbols
are a standard notation for unit vectors.) The unit vectors , , and form a
set of mutually perpendicular vectors in a right-handed coordinate
system.
• +)+ +)
• +) ++)

• =
• + +
• + +
• +) ++)++)
•

•=
•
PRODUCTS OF VECTORS

• Vectors are not ordinary numbers, so we can’t directly apply ordinary


multiplication to vectors. We’ll define two different kinds of products
of vectors. The first, called the scalar product, yields a result that is a
scalar quantity. The second, the vector product, yields another vector.
• Scalar Product
• To define the scalar product we draw the two vectors and with their
tails at the same point The angle (the Greek letter phi) between their
direction's ranges from 0 to 180.
• to be the magnitude of multiplied by the component of in the direction of , or
• to be the magnitude of multiplied by the component of in the direction of , or
Calculating the scalar product of two vectors, =
AB cos
• The scalar product is a scalar quantity, not a vector, and it may
be positive, negative, or zero. When is between 0 and 90 , cos
0 and the scalar product is positive. When is between 90 and
180 so cos 0, the component of in the direction of is
negative, and is negative. Finally, when = 90, = 0 . The
scalar product of two perpendicular vectors is always zero.
• For any two vectors and , AB cos = BA cos . This means that
= .
• The scalar product obeys the commutative law of
multiplication; the order of the two vectors does not matter.
• The scalar product is used to describe work done by a force
and for variety of purposes, from calculating electric potential
to determining the effects that varying magnetic fields have on
electric circuits.
The scalar product = AB cos
can be positive, negative, or
zero, depending on the angle
between A and B.
Using Components to Calculate the Scalar Product
• All unit vectors have magnitude 1 and are perpendicular to each other.

• Thus the scalar product of two vectors is the sum of the products of
their respective components.
Vector Product
• The vector product of two vectors and, also called the cross
product, by . As the name suggests, the vector product is itself a
vector. The product is used to describe torque and angular
momentum; and to describe magnetic fields and forces.
• To define the vector product , draw the two vectors andwith their
tails at the same point. The two vectors then lie in a plane. The
vector product to be a vector quantity with a direction
perpendicular to this plane (that is, perpendicular to both and and
a magnitude equal to AB sin . That is, if C = , then
• The angle from toward and take it to be the smaller of the
two possible angles, so ranges from 0 to 180 . Then sin 0 and
C is never negative, as must be the case for a vector
magnitude. Note that when and are parallel or antiparallel, =
0° or 180 ° and C = 0. That is, the vector product of two
parallel or antiparallel vectors is always zero. In particular, the
vector product of any vector with itself is zero.
The vector product of (a) and (b)
Calculating the magnitude AB sin of the vector product of two
vectors, .
Using Components to Calculate the Vector Product

•0
Determine (a) B - 2A, (b) 2A — 3B + 2C.
Three players on a reality TV show are brought to the center of a
large, flat field. Each is given a meter stick, a compass, a calculator,
a shovel, and (in a different order for each contestant) the following
three displacements:
• A : 72.4 m, 32.0 east of north
• B : 57.3 m, 36.0 south of west
• C : 17.8 m due south
• The three displacements lead to the point in the field where
the keys to a new Porsche are buried. Two players start
measuring immediately, but the winner first calculates where
to go. What does she calculate?
Find the scalar product A.B of the two vectors in . The
magnitudes of the vectors are A = 4.00 and B = 5.00.
Vector A has magnitude 6units and is in the direction of the +x-axis.
Vector B has magnitude 4units and lies in the xy-plane, making an
angle of 30 with +x-axis. Find the vector product C = A x B.
A person going for a walk follows the path shown in. The total trip
consists of four straight-line paths. At the end of the walk, what is the
person’s resultant displacement measured from the starting point?

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