Applied Physics (PHY-102) (2+1)

Lecture # 1
Chapter # 5
Force and Motion-1

Instructor: Dr. Alamgir Naushad

[email protected]
Content
• Lecture # 1
• Newton’s laws of motion
• Some common forces (Weight, Normal
Reaction, Tension, Force of Friction
• Application of Newton’s 2nd law (Problem
solving strategy)
• Sample problems
Force: The measure of interaction
between two objects (pull or push). It
is a vector quantity – it has a
magnitude and direction.

Mass: The measure of how difficult it

is to change object’s velocity
(sluggishness or inertia of the object).
Types of Forces
• There are two main types of forces
• Contact
• Field
Contact Forces
Contact forces result from physical contact
between two objects
• Scenario: Think About a Book on a Table
• If you push it, you are exerting a contact force
• If you put it down, no longer interacting… so
no more force from you
• But table is touching it- table is now exerting a
force
Normal Force
When you push the book, you apply a contact
force, causing it to move. Once you stop
pushing, your force is no longer acting on it.
However, the table is still in contact with the
book, exerting an upward force called the
normal force. This force balances the book's
weight (gravitational force pulling it
downward), keeping it at rest. If the table
were removed, the book would fall, showing
that the table was indeed exerting a force
 Question Arises?
Q: But the air molecules is also inserting force on the book
why the book fall then on earth?

Yes, air molecules exert a force on the book in all directions,

known as air pressure. However, this force is usually
balanced, meaning it doesn't create significant movement in
most everyday situations. The reason the book falls when the
table is removed is that gravity is a much stronger force
than the upward force exerted by air molecules.
 Mathematical
Form of Forces
Acting on the
Book
Mathemat
ical Form
of Forces
Acting on
the Book
Mathemat
ical Form
of Forces
Acting on
the Book
Mathemat
ical Form
of Forces
Acting on
the Book
Mathemat
ical Form
of Forces
Acting on
the Book
 Mathematical
Form of Forces
Acting on the
Book (Final
Analysis)
 Field Forces

• An object can move without something directly touching it

• Field forces act between disconnected objects
• Also called “action at a distance”
• What if you dropped the book?
• It falls due to gravity
• Gravitational Force is a field force.
• They affect movement without being in physical contact
• Can you think of other field forces?
• Magnetic Fields
• Electric Forces
• Nuclear Forces
 Two Types of
Forces
• Example of • Magnetic
Contact Forces
• Friction
• Tension

Examples of Field
Forces
• Gravitational
• Electric
Force and Mass
• Mass – measurement of how difficult it is to change the
objects velocity, or it is the quantity of matter in
a physical body.
• Inertia – resistance to change in velocity or it is the property of
a body by virtue of which it opposes any agency that attempts to
put it in motion or, if it is moving, to change the magnitude or
direction of its velocity.
• Hence, mass is a measurement of an object’s inertia.
Question
• What is the relationship between mass
and inertia?
• Mass is a measure of how much inertia
something has.
The relationship between mass and inertia is
directly proportional. Inertia is the tendency of
an object to resist changes in its state of
motion. The greater the mass, the greater the
inertia.
Mathemat
ical Proof
Mathemat
ical Proof
Mathemat
ical Proof
(Conclusi
on)
Newton’s Laws
how was it
derived……???
 Background
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

•an English scientist and a mathematician famous for

his discovery of the law of gravity also discovered the
three laws of motion.

•Today these laws are known as Newton’s Laws of

Motion and describe the motion of all objects on the
scale we experience in our everyday lives.
 Newton’s laws
• 1st Law: An object at rest will remain at rest and
an object in motion continues in motion with
constant velocity if no external force acts on it.

• 2nd Law: The acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass

• 3rd Law: Every action has an equal but opposite

reaction
If objects in motion tend to stay in motion, why
don’t moving objects keep moving forever?
Things don’t keep moving forever because
there’s almost always an unbalanced force
acting upon it.
A book sliding across a table
slows down and stops because
of the force of friction.

If you throw a ball upwards it will

eventually slow down and fall because of
the force of gravity.
Question
• A force of gravity between the sun and its
planets holds the planets in orbit around
the sun. If that force of gravity suddenly
disappeared, in what kind of path would
the planets move?

• Each planet would move in a straight line

at constant speed.
 Further
Elaboration

If the force of gravity between the Sun and its

planets suddenly disappeared, the planets
would no longer be held in their elliptical orbits.
Instead, they would move in a straight-line path
tangential to their original orbit at the moment
when the gravity disappeared.

This is a direct consequence of Newton's First Law

of Motion, which states that an object in motion will
continue moving in a straight line at a constant
velocity unless acted upon by an external force.
 Further
Elaboration

In the absence of gravity, there

would be no centripetal force
pulling the planets toward the
Sun. Each planet, having its own
velocity at the moment when the
gravity vanished, would travel in
a straight line in the direction it
was moving at that instant,
continuing indefinitely unless
influenced by another force, such
as the gravitational pull of
Question
• The Earth moves about 30 km/s
relative to the sun. But when you jump
upward in front of a wall, the wall
doesn’t slam into you at 30 km/s.
Why?

• both you and the wall are moving at the same

speed, before, during, and after your jump.
Acceleration
• An unbalanced force causes something to accelerate.
• A force can cause motion only if it is met with an
unbalanced force.
• Forces can be balanced or unbalanced.
• Depends on the net force acting on the object
• Net force (Fnet): The sum total and direction of all
forces acting on the object.
• Net forces: Always cause acceleration.
Balanced Versus Unbalanced
Force

Balanced forces cause

no acceleration.
Balanced Versus Unbalanced
Force

Unbalanced forces
cause acceleration.
Nature of Unbalanced Force
Small Force = Small
Acceleration
F

a
Nature of Unbalanced Force
Large Force = Large
Acceleration
F
a
If you apply twice the force to an object,
its acceleration will double.
But thereisis a
Acceleration
inversely proportional
twist…
to the mass of the
object.
Nature of Unbalanced Force (Constant
Force)

F Small
acceleration
Large a
Mass

Large
F acceleration
a
Small
Mass
 If you double the mass, you double the
force. If you double the acceleration,
you double the force.

More What if you double the mass and the

acceleration?

about
F = ma
(2m)(2a) = 4F

Doubling the mass and the acceleration

quadruples the force.
What does F =
ma say?

F = ma basically means that the

force of an object comes from
its mass and its acceleration.

•Force is measured in
Newtons (N) = mass (kg) x
acceleration (m/s2)
Or
kg m/s2
Solving Newton Second Law
Problems
1. Draw a free body diagram
2. Break vectors into components if needed
3. Find the NET force by adding and subtracting forces
that are on the same axis as the acceleration.
4. Set net force equal to “ma” this is called writing an
EQUATION OF MOTION.

NOTE: To avoid negative numbers, always subtract

the smaller forces from the larger one. Be sure to
remember which direction is larger.
 Example

A 50 N applied force drags

an 8.16 kg log to the right
across a horizontal surface.
What is the acceleration of
the log if the force of
friction is 40.0 N?
Tougher An elevator with a mass of 2000 kg
rises with an acceleration of 1.0

Example m/s/s. What is the tension in the

supporting cable?
Check your understanding
Net Forces and Newton’s Second Law
Question
• Suppose that the acceleration of
an object is zero. Does this mean
that there are no forces acting on
it?
• No, it means the forces acting on
it are balanced and the net force
is zero.
• Think about gravity and normal
force acting on stationary objects.
 Question
• When a basketball player
dribbles a ball, it falls to the
floor and bounces up. Is a
force required to make it
bounce? Why? If a force is
needed, what is the agent.

• Yes, when it bounced it

changed direction. A change
in direction = acceleration.
 Explanation

Yes, a force is required to make the

basketball bounce back up after hitting the
floor. When the ball falls, it gains kinetic
energy due to gravity. Upon hitting the floor,
the ball compresses, storing elastic potential
energy. The floor exerts a normal force on the
ball, causing it to deform and then return to
its original shape, which propels it upward.
This restoring force is what makes the ball
bounce.

The agent providing this force is the floor,

which exerts a reaction force (normal force)
on the ball in accordance with Newton's Third
Law of Motion. If the floor is rigid and the ball
is sufficiently elastic, a significant portion of
the ball’s energy is restored, allowing it to
bounce.
Newton’s Third Law
Newton’s third law describes the relationship
between two forces in an interaction.
• One force is called the action force.
• The other force is called the reaction force.
• Neither force exists without the other.
• They are equal in strength and opposite in
direction.
• They occur at the same time (simultaneously).
Newton’s Third Law
When the girl jumps to shore, the
boat moves backward.
Identifying Action and Reaction
Pairs
When action is A exerts force on B, the reaction
is simply B exerts force on A.
Some Common Forces

Here are some forces which we must deal with

in our daily life.

• Weight of an object
• Normal reaction
• Tension in a string
• Friction between two surfaces
Weight
It is the gravitational force with
which earth attracts every object
towards its center, therefore,
weight is always directed straight
downward in every problem.

W=mg
Normal Force N

It is the reaction force from

the floor or any other
surface against which the
object is being pushed,
therefore, normal reaction
is always directed at 90
degrees to the surface. W=mg
Tension N

In a single string magnitude of

T
tension force is same at each
point and is directed away
from the object to which the
string is connected.

W=mg
 Application of Newton’s 2nd law to find
unknown force or acceleration inN a problem
Problem solving strategy:
• Draw the free body diagram (FBD) for the problem, i.e., indicate all
the forces acting on the body.
• Then write down known and unknown quantities (N, mg, T, f s, a,
). T

• For a body under the action of several forces we can write

Newton’s 2nd law fs

• For 2-dimensional problem, we can write the above equation for x

and y directions separately as

W=mg
• This gives us two equations which can be solved together to find
the values of unknowns. For example,
Solution N
Part (a) Part (b)

put put

Substituting the values, we get

Substituting the values, we get

𝑚𝑔
mg

c os
𝜃
i n 𝜃
𝑚 𝑔s
 N

Part (c)

Now the string is removed, so

the block will accelerate down
the plan.
a


𝑚𝑔
mg

c os
Substituting the values, we get

𝜃
i n 𝜃
𝑚 𝑔s
Applying Newton’s third law on the traffic light signal, we get

Now applying Newton’s second law to the joint, in x-direction

And in y-direction

Solving equations 1, 2 and 3, we get and , therefore, the strings

will not break, and the traffic light will remain hanging.
Practice problems
Chapter#5 Problems: 15, 19, 32, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53,
55, 59,66,77
From the book:
Fundamentals of Physics, 10th edition
Authors: Halliday, Resnick, Walker