Digital Electronics

Number Systems

Outline
Common Number Systems
Conversion Among Bases
Binary Arithmetic
1’s and 2’s Complements of Binary
Numbers
Signed Numbers
Arithmetic Operations with Signed 1
 Common Number Systems
System Base Symbols Used by Used in
(R) humans? computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No

Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, A, No No
decimal B, … F

 Digits in base (R) can range from 0 to R-1.

2
 Common Powers (1 of 2)
Base
10
Power Preface Symbol Value
pico p .000000000001
10-12
nano n .000000001
10-9
micro  .000001
10-6
milli m .001
10-3
103 kilo k 1000
106 mega M 1000000
109 giga G 1000000000

tera T 1000000000000
1012

3
 Common Powers (2 of 2)
Bas
e2 Power Preface Symbol Value
kilo k 1024
210
mega M 1048576
220
Giga G 1073741824
230

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and

“G”?
• In computing, particularly w.r.t.
memory, the base-2 interpretation
generally applies 4
Example

1.Double click on My
Computer
2.Right click on C:
3.Click on Properties

/ =
230

5
 Conversion Among Bases

The
possibilities
are: Decim Oct
al al

Bina Hexadeci
ry mal

6
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318

= 1916
Ba
se

7
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decim Weig
al ht

12510 5 x 100 = 5
=> 2 x 101 =
20
1 x 102 =
100
125

Ba
se

8
 Binary to Decimal, Octal to Decimal,
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decim Oct
al al

Bina Hexadeci
ry mal

Technique
Multiply each bit by Xn, where‘X’ is the base and
‘n’ is the “weight”
of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right 9
 Binary to Decimal, Octal to Decimal,
Hexadecimal to Decimal Examples
Convert the following numbers
into
 decimal 7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
1010112 2 x 8 1
= 16
7 x 82 = 448
 7248
ABC16 46810

1010112 => 1 x = 1
20
1 x = 2
0 x 21 = 0 ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
1 x = 8 B x 16 = 11 x 16 =
1 176
22 A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
0 x = 0
1 x = 274810
23
32
4310
24
 The left most bit is know as Most Significant Bit (MSB) & right most is LSB.
25 10
 Conversion of Any Base to Decimal
Converting from ANY base to decimal is done by multiplying each digit by its
weight and summing.

Binary to Decimal

1011.112= 1x23+ 0x22+ 1x21+ 1x20+ 1x2-1+ 1x2-2

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 11.75

Hex to Decimal

A2F16= 10x162+ 2x161+ 15x160

= 10 x 256 + 2 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 2560 + 32 + 15
= 2607

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 Decimal to Binary
12510 = ?2
Decim Oct
al al
LSB

Bina Hexadeci
ry mal

Technique
MSB
Divide by 2
Keep track of the
remainder
12
 Octal to Binary & Hexadecimal to
Binary
Technique
Decim Oct
Convert each octal digit
al al
to a 3-bit
equivalent binary
representation
Convert each
Bina Hexadeci
ry mal hexadecimal digit to a 4-
bit equivalent binary
7058 = ?2 10AF16 = ?2
representation
7 0 5 1 0 A F

111 000 101 0001 0000 1010 1111

7058 = 1110001012 10AF16 = 13
0001000010101111
 Decimal to Octal & Decimal to
Hexadecimal
Decim Oct Technique
al al
For Octal divide by 8
For Hexadecimal
divide by 16
Keep track of the
Bina Hexadeci
ry mal remainder
123410 = ?8 123410 = ?
16
LSB
8 LSB 16 1234
1234154 16 77 2
8 2 16 4 13 = MSB
8 19 MSB D
8 2 123410 = 0 4 123410 = 4D2
14 16
8
 Binary to Octal & Binary to
Hexadecimal
Technique
Decim Oct
For Octal, Group bits
al al
in
threes, starting on right
Convert to octal
digits
For Hexadecimal,
Bina Hexadeci
ry
Group bits
mal
in fours, starting on
10110101112 = ?8
10101110112 right
= ?16
1 011 Convert 10 to 1011
010
111 hexadecimal
1011 digits

1 3 2 7 2 B B
10110101112 = 15
10101110112 = 2BB16
1327
 Octal to Hexadecimal & Vice Versa

Decim Oct Technique

al al Use binary as an
intermediary
1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C
Bina Hexadeci
ry mal
10768 = ?
16 0001 1111 0000 1100
1 0 7 6
1 7 4 1 4

001 000 111 110 1F0C16 = 174148

2 3 E
10768 = 23E16 16
 Fractions
Decimal to decimal
(just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x = 0.04

10-2
1 x = 0.1
3 x 10-1 100 = 3

3.14

. is Radix point
3 is Integer Portion
14 is Fractional portion

17
 Fractions Cont.
Binary to
decimal
10.10112 => 1 x = 0.0625
2-4
1 x = 0.125
0 x 2-3 = 0.0
1 x = 0.5
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1
= 2.0

20 2.687510
21

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 Fractions Cont.
Decimal to
.14579
binary x 2
0.29158
x 2
3.1457910
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001...
etc.

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 Binary Arithmetic

Binary arithmetic is essential in all digital

computers and in
4 BASIC
many other types of digital systems.
Binary
Augend Addition
Addend Sum RULES
Carry Result
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 10

Example

20
Binary Arithmetic

Binary Subtraction 4 BASIC

RULES
Minuen Subtrahe Differen Borro
d nd ce w
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0

Example:

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 Binary Arithmetic
Example:

Binary Multiplication
• 0×0=
0
• 0×1=
0
• 1×0=
Binary
0 Example:

Division
• 1×1=
•1 0 ÷ 1 = 0
• 1÷1=1
• 1 ÷ 0 = Not
allowed

22
 Binary Arithmetic Examples
Perform the following binary
arithmetic operations
 111 + 11
 101 – 11
 101 x 111
 110 / 10

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 Binary Arithmetic Examples
Perform the following binary
arithmetic operations
 111 + 11 = (1010 )
 101 – 11 = (10)
 101 x 111= (100011)
 110 / 10 = (11)

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End of the Class

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