Types of Intermolecular Forces

General Chemistry 2

Teacher: Christine V. Modesto

 Learning
Objectives:

1. Describe the types of intermolecular forces.

2. Differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
3. Recognize the importance of types of intermolecular forces in
daily life.
RECAP!
Direction: Complete the table below. Describe the type of bonding that
occurs in the compound.

NH3 Polar
CBr4 Nonpolar
NaCl Ionic
ACTIVITY 1!

“Share Your
Thoughts”
How do
coronavirus
spread?
• There are many factors that lead to the acing spread of
coronavirus:
• It could be transmitted from person to person via droplets,
contact, and fomites.
• When one sneezes or coughs droplets of saliva containing the
COVID-19 virus are then inhaled by another person.
• Therefore, it is important to maintain a distance of more than 1
meter away from any person who has respiratory symptoms.
• The closer we are with this kind of virus the greater the chance
we get infected leading to a worst effect in our health.
• Likewise, in chemistry, if a molecule is exposed or placed near
to another molecule the tendency is that they get attracted and
build up a force that will hold them together.
• The force between these molecules will greatly affect some of
their physical properties such as melting point and boiling
points.
• What do you think are these forces that hold together one
molecule to another molecule?
• We call these forces as intermolecular forces.
 ACTIVITY 2!

“We Work As One”

 ACTIVITY 2!
Direction: Complete the table by writing all types of
intermolecular forces (IMF) that will exhibit between the pairs of
molecules.
 ACTIVITY 2!
Direction: Direction: Complete the table by writing all types of
intermolecular forces (IMF) that will exhibit between the pairs of
molecules.
 ACTIVITY 2!
Answer:
 Types of
Intermolecula
r Forces (IMF)
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

• The interaction between (IMF)

molecules ( substances that are made
of atoms that bond through the sharing of electrons to form
covalent bonds) are governed by physical forces called
intermolecular forces.
• These are forces that arise from the way in how electrons are
shared within the covalent bonds of different molecules.
• These types of forces also affect the physical properties of
compounds.
A. Ion Ion Interaction
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
A. Ion Ion Interaction
• What are ions? How does it build an attraction with the other ions?
• (IMF)
Ions are charged particles or have permanent whole number charges.
• Remember that like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract, as
shown in figure 1.
• The attraction between these ions are pulled together by a force called an
electrostatic force.
• Remember that electrostatic force as stated in Coulomb`s Law is directly
proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely related to the distance
between them.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
A. Ion Ion Interaction
• How do we determine the strength of the built forces between ions?
• (IMF)
As shown in the equation, the strength of the electrostatic force that is built depends
on the product of the charges (Z1Z2) divided by the square of the distance of
separation (d2).
• Meaning that as the particles (ions) get attracted the force between these ions
becomes stronger as they get closer. The attraction between these ions is called ion-
ion interaction.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
A. Ion Ion Interaction
• Let us have examples by comparing the molecules below. Which from these ions will
(IMF)
have a stronger ion-ion interaction?

The interaction between Ca+2 and O-2 ions is stronger than the Na+ and Cl- ions. Why?
Because the charges in calcium and oxygen are higher than the sodium and chloride
ions. In the case of ions with the same charges, this time you have to take note of the
size of the ions because as the size of the ion increases the electrostatic force decreases.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
A. Ion Ion Interaction
• (IMF)
The physical property such as the melting point of a compound is greatly affected by
the magnitude of the lattice energy or the electrostatic energy built between the ions.
• Meaning that the higher the electrostatic force between molecules will have a
higher melting point.
• To illustrate this, let us compare Aluminum nitride and Magnesium oxide, wherein
aluminum nitride will have a higher magnitude of charge which is +3 for aluminum
and -3 for nitrogen, while magnesium oxide is lower having +2 for magnesium and -2
charge for oxygen.
• Therefore, the molecule that has a higher melting point is aluminum nitride.
B. Ion Diplole Interaction
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
B. Ion Diplole Interaction
(IMF)
• Ion dipole interaction is very evident when pouring water molecules around sodium
ions which is the case when dissolving sodium chloride in water.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
B. Ion Diplole Interaction
(IMF)
• Water is a permanent dipole molecule because it has positive and negative poles as
a result of the uneven distribution of electrons within it.
• So, when a molecule has two opposite partial charges, they are dipole and polar.
Once water molecules surround the sodium ions, the oxygen that is partially negative
in the water molecule will be attracted to the sodium ion which is positively charged.
• Eventually, the positively charged hydrogen in the water molecule will be attracted to
the chloride ion.
C. Dipole-dipole Interaction
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
C. Dipole-dipole Interaction
(IMF)

• From the given compounds above, which do you think is a dipole molecule, and
why?
• Yes, all of the given compounds are all dipole molecules. What makes them dipole is
because of the partial opposite charges present in the molecule.
• When we say dipole-dipole interaction, we are referring to the interaction of the
two dipole molecules such as between molecules of carbon monoxide,
hydrochloric acid, and nitrogen trifluoride.
• Wherein the two poles of each molecule is either partially positive or partially
negative. So let us have an example to illustrate this type of interaction.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
C. Dipole-dipole Interaction
(IMF)

• Figure above shows the molecules of nitrogen trifluoride where fluorine is more
electronegative than nitrogen.
• And once a molecule of nitrogen trifluoride reacts with another molecule of nitrogen
trifluoride, the partially negative fluoride ions will get attracted to the partially
positively charged nitrogen of another nitrogen trifluoride molecule.
• The attraction between the opposite charges is called dipole-dipole interaction.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
C. Dipole-dipole Interaction
(IMF)

• And if we put in another nitrogen trifluoride, this molecule will rearrange itself in
such a way that the partial positive of the nitrogen in this molecule is attracted to
the partially positive on the fluorines of the other nitrogen trifluoride molecule.
• The same thing will happen to the molecules of hydrochloric acid and carbon
monoxide which are shown in figure 5 and figure 6.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
C. Dipole-dipole Interaction
(IMF)
• The same thing will happen to the molecules of hydrochloric acid and carbon
monoxide which are shown below in figure 5 and figure 6.
D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction
(IMF)
• What do you think is the most obvious similarities among the molecules below?

• The given above molecules exhibit a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that
occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
• Meaning that the hydrogen is partially positive and is attracted to the nitrogen,
oxygen, and fluorine which are partially negative.
• The strength of hydrogen bonding is relatively strong that requires energy to break it.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction
(IMF)

• No wonder why water molecules have high boiling points and melting points.
• Hydrogen bonding also plays a vital role in holding the nucleotide bases together in
our DNA and RNA.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction
(IMF)
• Take note that you might be claiming the bond between hydrogen and fluorine atoms
is a hydrogen bond.
• It is not, because if we say the intermolecular type of interaction, we are
considering the attraction between molecules not within the molecule. Figure
below show the hydrogen bonding for the ammonia and hydrofluoric acid.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction
(IMF)
• The strength of the hydrogen bonding depends on the extensiveness or number
of formed hydrogen bonds and the polarity of the bond. The arrangement of the
strength of the hydrogen bond is H-O< H-N .
E. London dispersion
Interaction / Van der Waals
Intermolecular Forces
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der Waals
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
• This type of interaction happens to be present in all types of molecules whether
ionic or covalent-polar or nonpolar.
• However, this type of intermolecular force is significant in nonpolar molecules and
the force is developed due to the uneven distribution of electrons and create a
temporary dipole.
• This type of force is a very weak type of dipole interaction.
• The force between these molecules increases with the polarizability (squishiness of a
molecule), molecular size (more electrons), and pi bonding (overlapping of orbitals).
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der Waals
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

• The above shows the increasing size of the molecules from the halogen group. So
from the molecules above the iodine molecule would have a stronger London
dispersion force.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der Waals
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
• London dispersion force (LDF) is responsible
for the liquid phase of noble gases.
• Figure shows how helium gets into the liquid
phase.
• The figure shows that originally we have two
atoms of Helium.
• But once these two atoms get closer, the
electrons outside the nucleus of helium will
migrate in such a way that the electrons of the
other helium atom will get attracted to the
proton of the other helium.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der Waals
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
• This attraction between opposite charges is the Coulombs`s Law, thus creating a
temporary dipole.
• The London dispersion force is simply the connection between these two atoms.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der Waals
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
• Arrangement on the strength of force present among the types of intermolecular
forces is shown below.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der Waals
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
• Among these types, the strongest type of
intermolecular forces is ion-ion dipole
because of the permanent charge while
London dispersion forces are the weakest
because of the presence of temporary
dipole and they are usually in gas forms.
• Strong intermolecular forces increase the
physical behavior of the molecules such
as melting points, boiling points,
viscosity, and surface area.
 ACTIVITY 3!

“Share Your Thought”

 ACTIVITY 3!
Direction: We will conduct an open forum session in which you will share your ideas
with the class regarding the situational questions provided below.

• Just like molecules, humans are also attracted to one another.

• As a teenager, you have experienced being attracted to someone.
• How did you deal with your attractions to others?
• Do you listen to your parents for advice on this matter?
“Assignment”
 ASSIGNMENT
Direction: Complete the table by describing the types of intermolecular forces
and arrange these types according to increasing strength by numbering them 1-5.
Types of Intermolecular Description of the types of Strength of Intermolecular
Forces Intermolecular Forces Forces
Io-ion interaction

Ion-dipole interaction

Dipole-dipole interaction

Hydrogen bond

London dispersion force