PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Barbara Heard,
Atlantic Cape Community
College

CHAPTER 4
Tissue: The
Living Fabric:
Part A

© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Tissue: The Living Fabric

• Individual body cells specialized

– Each type performs specific functions that
maintain homeostasis
• Tissues
– Groups of cells similar in structure that
perform common or related function
• Histology
– Study of tissues

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Types of Primary Tissues

• Epithelial tissue
– Covers
• Connective tissue
– Supports
• Muscle tissue
– Produces movement
• Nerve tissue
– Controls

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.1 Overview of four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

Nervous tissue: Internal communication

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement

• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
• Muscles of heart (cardiac)
• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different
environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
• Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow
organs
• Skin surface (epidermis)

Connective tissue: Supports, protects, binds

other tissues together
• Bones
• Tendons
• Fat and other soft padding tissue

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Studying Human Tissue: Microscopy

• Tissue is fixed
– Preserved
• Cut
– Sliced thin enough to transmit light or
electrons
• Stained
– Enhances contrast

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

• Form boundaries
• Two main types (by location)
– Covering and lining epithelia
• On external and internal surfaces
– Glandular epithelia
• Secretory tissue in glands

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Epithelial Tissue Functions

• Protection
• Absorption
• Filtration
• Excretion
• Secretion
• Sensory reception

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Five Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

• Polarity
• Specialized contacts
• Supported by connective tissues
• Avascular, but innervated
• Can regenerate

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Polarity

• Cells have polarity

– Apical surface (upper free) exposed to
exterior or cavity
– Basal surface (lower, attached)
– Both surfaces differ in structure and function

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Apical Surface of Epithelial Tissues

• May be smooth & slick

• Most have microvilli (e.g., brush border of
intestinal lining)
– Increase surface area
• Some have cilia (e.g., lining of trachea)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Basal Surface of Epithelial Tissues

• Noncellular basal lamina

– Glycoprotein and collagen fibers lies adjacent
to basal surface
– Adhesive sheet
– Selective filter
– Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:
Specialized Contacts
• Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit
closely together
– Form continuous sheets
• Specialized contacts bind adjacent cells
– Lateral contacts
• Tight junctions
• Desmosomes

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:
Connective Tissue Support
• All are supported by connective tissue
• Reticular lamina
– Deep to basal lamina
– Network of collagen fibers
• Basement membrane
– Basal lamina + reticular lamina
– Reinforces epithelial sheet
– Resists stretching and tearing
– Defines epithelial boundary

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:
Avascular but Innervated
• No blood vessels in epithelial tissue
– Must be nourished by diffusion from
underlying connective tissues
• Is supplied by nerve fibers

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:
Regeneration
• High regenerative capacity
• Stimulated by loss of apical-basal polarity
and lateral contacts
– Some exposed to friction
– Some exposed to hostile substances
• If adequate nutrients can replace lost cells
by cell division

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Classification of Epithelia

• All epithelial tissues have two names

– One indicates number of cell layers
• Simple epithelia = single layer of cells
• Stratified epithelia = two or more layers of cells
– Shape can change in different layers
– One indicates shape of cells
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• In stratified epithelia, epithelia classified by
cell shape in apical layer
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Figure 4.2a Classification of epithelia.

Apical surface

Basal surface
Simple
Apical surface

Basal surface
Stratified
Classification based on number of cell layers.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cells of Epithelial Tissues

• Squamous cells
– Flattened and scalelike
– Nucleus flattened
• Cuboidal cells
– Boxlike
– Nucleus round
• Columnar cells
– Tall; column shaped
– Nucleus elongated

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.2b Classification of epithelia.

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar
Classification based on cell shape.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Classification of Epithelia:
Simple Epithelia
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Filtration
• Very thin

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Cells flattened laterally

• Cytoplasm sparse
• Function where rapid diffusion is priority
– i.e., kidney, lungs
• Note description, function, location on next
slide

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.3a Epithelial tissues.

Simple squamous epithelium

Description: Single layer of
flattened cells with disc-shaped
central nuclei and sparse
cytoplasm; the simplest of the
epithelia.
Air sacs
of lung
tissue
Nuclei of
Function: Allows materials to pass squamous
by diffusion and filtration in sites epithelial
where protection is not important; cells
secretes lubricating substances in
serosae.

Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs

of lungs; lining of heart, blood
vessels, and lymphatic vessels;
lining of ventral body cavity
(serosae).

Photomicrograph: Simple squamous

epithelium forming part of the alveolar
(air sac) walls (140x).

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Two other locations

– Endothelium
• The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and
heart
– Mesothelium
• The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral
body cavity

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

• Single layer of cells

• Secretion
• Absorption
• Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands
and many kidney tubules
• Note description, function, location on next
slide

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.3b Epithelial tissues.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Description: Single layer of

cubelike cells with large, spherical
central nuclei.

Simple
cuboidal
epithelial
cells
Nucleus
Function: Secretion and
absorption.
Basement
membrane
Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and
secretory portions of small glands;
ovary surface.
Connective
tissue

Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal

epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Single layer of tall, closely packed cells

• Absorption
• Secretion
• Note description, function, location on next
slide

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.3c Epithelial tissues.
Simple columnar epithelium

Description: Single layer of tall

cells with round to oval nuclei;
some cells bear cilia; layer may
contain mucus-secreting
unicellular glands (goblet cells).

Microvilli

Simple
columnar
Function: Absorption; secretion epithelial
of mucus, enzymes, and other cell
substances; ciliated type propels
mucus (or reproductive cells) by
ciliary action. Mucus of
goblet cell
Location: Nonciliated type lines
most of the digestive tract
(stomach to rectum), gallbladder,
and excretory ducts of some Basement
glands; ciliated variety lines small membrane
bronchi, uterine tubes, and some
regions of the uterus.
Photomicrograph: Simple columnar
epithelium of the small intestine mucosa (660x).

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Pseudostratified Columnar Epitheliem

• Cells vary in height

– Cell nuclei at different levels
– Appears stratified, but is not
– Secretion
– Absorption
– Note description, function, location on next
slide

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.3d Epithelial tissues.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Description: Single layer of cells

of differing heights, some not
reaching the free surface; nuclei
seen at different levels; may
contain mucus-secreting cells
and bear cilia.
Cilia

Pseudo-
stratified
Function: Secrete substances, epithelial
particularly mucus; propulsion of layer
mucus by ciliary action.
Location: Nonciliated type in
male’s sperm-carrying ducts and
ducts of large glands; ciliated
variety lines the trachea, most of
the upper respiratory tract.
Basement
membrane
Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium lining the
Trachea human trachea (800x).

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Stratified Epithelial Tissues

• Two or more cell layers

• Regenerate from below
– Basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface
• More durable than simple epithelia
• Protection is major role

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• Most widespread of stratified epithelia

• Free surface squamous; deeper layers
cuboidal or columnar
• Located for wear and tear
• Those farthest from basal layer (and
therefore nutrients) less viable
• Note description, function, location on next
slide

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.3e Epithelial tissues.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: Thick membrane
composed of several cell layers;
basal cells are cuboidal or
columnar and metabolically active;
surface cells are flattened
(squamous); in the keratinized
type, the surface cells are full of
keratin and dead; basal cells are
active in mitosis and produce the
cells of the more superficial layers.
Stratified
squamous
epithelium

Function: Protects underlying

tissues in areas subjected to
abrasion. Nuclei
Location: Nonkeratinized type Basement
forms the moist linings of the membrane
esophagus, mouth, and vagina;
keratinized variety forms the Connective
epidermis of the skin, a dry tissue
membrane.
Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous
epithelium lining the esophagus (285x).

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

• Quite rare
• Found in some sweat and mammary
glands
• Typically two cell layers thick

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Stratified Columnar Epithelium

• Limited distribution in body

• Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra,
and lining some glandular ducts
• Also occurs at transition areas between
two other types of epithelia
• Only apical layer columnar

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Transitional Epithelium

• Forms lining of hollow urinary organs

• Basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar
• Ability to change shape with stretch
• Apical cells vary in appearance
• Note description, function, location on next
slide

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.3f Epithelial tissues.

Transitional epithelium
Description: Resembles both
stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or
columnar; surface cells dome
shaped or squamouslike,
depending on degree of organ
stretch.

Transitional
epithelium

Function: Stretches readily,

permits stored urine to distend
urinary organ.
Basement
Location: Lines the ureters, membrane
bladder, and part of the urethra. Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium
lining the bladder, relaxed state (360x); note
the bulbous, or rounded, appearance of the
cells at the surface; these cells flatten and
elongate when the bladder fills with urine.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Glandular Epithelia

• Gland
– One or more cells that makes and secretes an
aqueous fluid called a secretion
• Classified by
– Site of product release—endocrine or
exocrine
– Relative number of cells forming the gland
• unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Endocrine Glands

• Ductless glands
– Secretions not released into a duct
• Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that
travel through lymph or blood to their
specific target organs
• Target organs respond in some
characteristic way

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Exocrine Glands

• Secretions released onto body surfaces

(skin) or into body cavities
• More numerous than endocrine glands
• Secrete products into ducts
• Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and
salivary glands

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Unicellular Exocrine Glands

• The only important unicellular glands are

mucous cells and goblet cells
• Found in epithelial linings of intestinal and
respiratory tracts
• All produce mucin
– Dissolves in water to form mucus
• Slimy protective, lubricating coating

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 4.4 Goblet cell (unicellular exocrine gland).

Microvilli

Secretory
vesicles
containing
mucin

Golgi
apparatus

Rough ER

Nucleus

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Multicellular Exocrine Glands

• Multicellular exocrine glands are

composed of a duct and a secretory unit
• Usually surrounded by supportive
connective tissue
– Supplies blood and nerve fibers
– Extends into and divides gland into lobes

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Classification of Multicellular Glands

• By structure and type of secretion

– Structure
• Simple glands (unbranced duct) or compound
glands (branched duct)
• Cells tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolal
– Type of secretion
• Merocrine – most – secrete products by
exocytosis as produced
• Holocrine – accumulate products within then
rupture
• Apocrine – accumulates products within but only
apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Figure 4.5 Types of multicellular exocrine glands.

Simple duct structure Compound duct structure

(duct does not branch) (duct branches)

Tubular
secretory
structure
Simple branched tubular
Simple tubular Example
Intestinal glands
Example
Stomach (gastric) Compound tubular
glands Example
Duodenal glands of small intestine

Alveolar
secretory
structure

Simple alveolar Simple branched alveolar

Example Example Compound alveolar Compound
No important Sebaceous (oil) glands tubuloalveolar
Example
example in Mammary glands Example
humans Salivary glands
Surface epithelium Duct Secretory epithelium

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.