Continuous Function

Presented By:
225039536 ABDULRAHMAN ABDULAZIZ ABDULRAHMAN
225046992 ABDULAZIZ MOHAMMED ABDULAAH
225050708 AHMED KHALED ALHARBI
225051971 ABDULRAHMAN MOHAMMED HAKAMI
225053973 MOHAMMED HASSAN MOHAMMED
Limit of a Function
The limit of f (x), as x approaches a, equals L
written: lim f ( x) L
x a

if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close

to L by taking x to be sufficiently close to a.
y
y  f ( x)
L
x
a
 Computing Limits
 3 x if x  2
Ex. lim f ( x) where f ( x) 
x  2
1 if x  2

y lim f ( x) = lim  3 x
x  2 x  2
6  3 lim x
x  2

Note: f (-2) = 1  3( 2) 6

is not involved x
-2
Properties of Limits

Suppose lim f ( x) L and lim g ( x) M

x a x a
Then,
r
1. lim  f ( x)  Lr r , a real number
x a
2. lim cf ( x) c lim f ( x) cL c, a real number
x a x a

3. lim  f ( x) g ( x)  L M
x a

4. lim  f ( x) g ( x)  LM
x a

f ( x) lim f ( x) L
5. lim  x a  Provided that M 0
x a g ( x) lim g ( x) M
x a
Computing Limits
Ex. lim  x  1 lim x  lim1
2 2
x 3 x 3 x 3

   lim1
2
 lim x
x 3 x 3

32  1 10

2x  1 lim 2 x  1 2 lim x  lim1

Ex. lim  x 1
 x 1 x 1
x 1 3x  5 lim 3 x  5  3lim x  lim 5
x 1 x 1 x 1

2 1 1
 
35 8
 0
Indeterminate Form:
0
x 5 0
Ex. xlim
  5 x 2  25
Notice form
0

x 5
 lim Factor and cancel
x   5  x  5  x  5 
common factors
1 1
 lim 
x  5  x  5  10
Limits at Infinity
1 1
For all n > 0, lim n  lim n 0
x  x x   x

1
provided that n is defined.
x 5 1
2 3   2
3x  5 x  1
 lim x x Divide
Ex. xlim 2 2
 2  4x 2 x  
 4 by x
x2
 5  1 
lim 3  lim    lim  2 
x  x   x  x   x  300 3
  
 2  0 4 4
lim  2   lim 4
x   x  x 
One-Sided Limit of a
Function
The right-hand limit of f (x), as x approaches a,
equals L
written: lim f ( x) L
x a

if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close

to L by taking x to be sufficiently close to the
right of a.
y  f ( x)
L

a
One-Sided Limit of a
Function
The left-hand limit of f (x), as x approaches a,
equals M
written: lim f ( x) M
x a

if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close

to M by taking x to be sufficiently close to the
left of a. y
y  f ( x)

M
x
a
One-Sided Limit of a
Function
 x 2 if x 3
Ex. Given f ( x) 
2x if x  3

Find lim f ( x)
x 3

lim f ( x)  lim 2 x 6
x 3 x 3

Find lim f ( x)
x 3

lim f ( x)  lim x 2 9
x 3 x 3
Continuity of a Function
A function f is continuous at the point x = a if
the following are true:
i ) f (a) is defined
y
ii ) lim f ( x) exists
x a
iii ) lim f ( x)  f (a )
x a f(a)

x
a
Properties of Continuous
Functions
The constant function f (x) is continuous
everywhere.
Ex. f (x) = 10 is continuous everywhere.

The identity function f (x) = x is continuous

everywhere.
Properties of Continuous
Functions
If f and g are continuous at x = a, then
f
f g , fg , and g (a) 0  are continuous
g
at x a.
A polynomial function y = P(x) is continuous at
everywhere.
p( x)
A rational function R( x) 
q( x)
is continuous
at all x values in its domain.
Intermediate Value
Theorem
If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b]
and L is any number between f (a) and f (b), then there
is at least one number c in [a, b] such that f(c) = L.
y
y  f ( x)
f (b)
f (c) = L
f (a)
x
a c b
Intermediate Value
Theorem
Ex.
Given f ( x) 3 x 2  2 x  5. Show that f ( x) 0
has at least one solution on 1, 2 .

f (1)  4  0 and f (2) 3  0

f (x) is continuous for all values of x and since

f (1) < 0 and f (2) > 0, by the Intermediate Value
Theorem, there exists a c on (1, 2) such that
f (c) = 0.
 Existence of Zeros of a
Continuous Function
If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b],
and f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, then there is at least
one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the interval (a, b).
y
f(b)

a
x
b
f(a)
Example
(Existence of zeros of a continuous function)
2
Let f ( x)  x  3 x  5.
1. Show that f(x) is a continuous function everywhere.
The function is a polynomial function and is
therefore continuous everywhere.
2. Show that f(x) = 0 has at least one solution on the
interval (0, 2)
Since f (0)  5 and f (2) 5 have opposite signs,
there must be at least one number x c with
0  c  2 such that f (c) 0.
Rates of Change
Average rate of change of f over the interval
[x, x+h]
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 Slope of Secant Line
h

Instantaneous rate of change of f at x

f ( x  h)  f ( x ) Slope of the
lim
h 0 h Tangent Line
The Derivative
The derivative of a function f with respect to x is
the function f , given by

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x) lim
h 0 h

It is read “f prime of x.”

The Derivative
Four-step process for finding f  :

1. Compute f ( x  h)

2. Find f ( x  h)  f ( x )

3. Find
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
h
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
4. Compute f ( x) lim
h 0 h
 The Derivative
Given f ( x ) 2 x 2  1, find f ( x).
2
1. f ( x  h) 2  x  h   1 2 x  4 xh  2h  1
2 2

2 2 2
2. f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 2 x  4 xh  2h  1  (2 x  1)
4 xh  2h 2
f ( x  h)  f ( x) 4 xh  2h 2
3. 
h h
2
4. lim f ( x  h)  f ( x) lim 4 xh  2h
h 0 h h 0 h
lim 4 x  2h  4 x  f ( x) 4 x
h 0
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
f ( x)  2 x  3 at any point (x, f(x)).
Step 1.
f ( x  h)  2( x  h)  3  2 x  2h  3
Step 2.
f ( x  h)  f ( x) ( 2 x  2h  3)  ( 2 x  3)  2h
Step 3.
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  2h
  2
Step 4. h h
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x) lim lim  2   2
h 0 h h 0
Differentiability and Continuity
If a function is differentiable at x = a, then it is
continuous at x = a.
y
Not
Continuous

x
Still
Not Continuous
Differentiable
Example
The function f ( x)  x is not differentiable at x
= 0 but it is continuous everywhere.
f ( x)  x
y

x
O
END