WELCOM

E
Center of Excellence
 NEBOSH International General
Certificate in Occupational Safety and
Health
IGC1

Element 1: Why We Should Manage Workplace

Health and Safety
 Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
• Discuss the moral, social and financial reasons for
managing health and safety in the workplace.

• Explain how health and safety is regulated and the

consequences of non-compliance.

• Summarise the main health and safety duties of different

groups of people at work.

• Explain how contractors should be selected, monitored

and managed.
 What is NEBOSH
NEBOSH: National

Examination

Board

Occupational

Safety

Health
4
 Introduction to Key Terms
Introduction to Key Terms

• Health - absence of disease

or ill health.

• Safety - absence of risk of

serious personal injury.

• Welfare - access to basic

facilities.
The Moral Reason for Managing Health and Safety
Moral Reasons for Managing Health & Safety
Global statistics from the International Labour
Organization (ILO) SafeWork Programme:
• Over 350,000 work-related fatal accidents each year.
• 2.75 million work-related fatalities each year.
• 2.4 million fatalities from occupational diseases.
• 270 million accidents and 160 million diseases a year
due to work.
• 4% of global GDP is lost.
 The Moral Reasons for Managing Health & Safety
Accidents has effects on
• Injured worker (Physical and Psychological)
• Injured worker family (Financial and Mental)
• Co-Workers (Morale)
• Organization (Financial)
According to society, the practice is not acceptable that if
worker works in organization to make money for feeding
his family but get injured or killed by the job he is doing.
 Group Exercise
Group Exercise
An employee at your workplace has been seriously
injured in a workplace accident.
In groups, list the possible effects and implications
of this accident on the:
• Injured employee.
• Company.
• Line manager.
The Financial Reason for Managing Health and Safety
The Financial Reasons for Managing Health & Safety
Accidents and ill health cost money.
Costs may be:
• Direct - measurable costs arising directly from accidents.
• Indirect - arise as a consequence of the event but may
not directly involve money. Often difficult to quantify.

H&S failure can affect the broader economy, as well as

individual companies.
 Exercise

Tell about few of the direct cost?

 DIRECT COSTS
• Medical treatment (First aid, hospital admission,
doctor and medicine charges)
• Worker sick pay.
• Repairs to, or replacement of, damaged
equipment and buildings.
• Lost or damaged product.
• Lost production time while dealing with the injury.
• Legal fees (when defending compensation claim
from injured person)
• Compensation claim
• Overtime to meet production target
• Increase in insurance premiums
 INDIRECT COSTS

• While investigation employees will not perform their regular job

• Costs associated with corrective measures after investigation
• Fines from court
• Loss of time while (preparing reports, attending enforcement authorities
meetings, hearing of court)
• Reduction in staff morale (which impacts on productivity, quality and
efficiency).
• General difficulties in recruiting and retaining staff as a result of the accident.
• Loss of goodwill of customers following delays in production and fulfilling
orders.
• Damage to public image and business reputation.
• Damage to industrial relations, perhaps leading to industrial action (e.g.
strikes).
 Insured and Uninsured Costs
Insured and Uninsured Costs

£1
Insured Costs
• Compensation costs
• Medical costs.

Uninsured Costs
• Loss of raw materials due to accidents.
• Sick pay.
• Overtime.
• Equipment repairs.
• Lost materials.
• Production delays
• Investigation time lost £8 - £36
• Loss of contracts
• Loss of experienced staff
• Loss of business reputation
• Fines in criminal court
 End of Section 1.1 Exercise
Exercise
1. What are the three main reasons for managing
health and safety?
2. What should an employer provide to ensure
health and safety:
1. Safe place of _______________
2. Safe plant and ______________
3. Safe _______ of work
4. Training, _____ and competency of ______
 Element 1.2
Element 1.2

Regulating Health
and Safety
Legal Reasons for Managing Workplace Health and Safety
Legal Reasons for Managing Workplace Health & Safety

• Most countries have health and safety laws.

• Failure to achieve legal minimum standards can
lead to prosecution.
 The International Framework
The International Framework
International Labour Organization (ILO)
• Agency of the United Nations.
• Most countries are members.
• Sets international standards for H&S by publishing:
‒ Conventions.
‒ Recommendations.
 The International Framework
The International Framework
Conventions
• Basic guidelines about law
• Create binding obligations or policies to implement their
provisions.
• No legal authority, unless ratified by the member state
into its own legal structure.
Recommendations
• Provide guidance on conventions
• Provide guidance on policy, legislation and practice.
 Regulations Adopted by the ILO
Regulations Adopted by the ILO

• Occupational Safety and Health Convention

(C155)
‒ a goal-setting policy for companies and nations.

• Occupational Safety and Health

Recommendation 1981 (R164)
‒ supplements C155 and gives more guidance on

how to comply with its policies.

 Employers’ Responsibilities
Employer Responsibilities

Article 16 of C155 identifies obligations placed on

employers to:
• Ensure that workplaces, machinery, equipment and work
processes are safe and without risks to health.
• Ensure that chemical, physical and biological substances and
agents are without risk to health when protective measures
have been taken.
• Provide adequate protective clothing and equipment to
prevent risks of accidents or adverse health effects.
 Basic Employers’ Responsibilities
Basic Employer Responsibilities
Everybody is responsible for health and safety -
but most of the responsibility lies with the
employer to provide:
• Safe place of work.
• Safe plant and equipment.
• Safe systems of work.
• Training, supervision and
competency of staff.
 Employers’ Responsibilities
Employer Responsibilities
Article 10 of R164:
• Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery and equipment and use
working methods that are safe.
• Give necessary instruction, training and supervision in application and
use of health and safety measures.
• Introduce organisational arrangements relevant to activities and size of
undertaking.
• Provide PPE and clothing without charge to workers.
• Ensure that work organisation, particularly working hours and rest
breaks, does not adversely affect occupational safety and health.
• Take reasonably practical measures with a view to eliminating excessive
physical and mental fatigue.
• Keep up-to-date with scientific and technical knowledge to comply with
the above.
 Workers’ Responsibilities and Rights
Workers Responsibilities
Article 19 of C155 also places obligations on workers,
expanded in R164 as follows:
• Take reasonable care of their own safety and that of other
people.
• Comply with safety instructions and procedures.
• Use all safety equipment properly.
• Report any situation that they believe could be a hazard and
which they cannot themselves correct.
• Report any work-related accident/ill health.
 Workers’ Responsibilities and Rights
Workers Rights
Article 19 of C155 states that every worker must be:
• Given adequate information on actions the employer has
taken to ensure safety and health.
• Given the right to the necessary training in safety and
health.
• Consulted by the employer on all matters of safety and
health relating to their work.
• Given the right to leave a workplace that he has reason to
think presents an imminent and serious danger to his life or
health, and not be compelled to return until it is safe.
 The Role of Enforcement Agencies
The Role of Enforcement Agencies

• Country-specific agencies may include:

‒ H&S Enforcement Agency.
‒ Fire authority.
‒ Insurance companies.
‒ Health and safety Executive (HSE UK)
• Police may be involved in enforcing H&S law in some
countries.
 The Role of Enforcement Agencies

• Provide Information (code of practice, guidance notes,

website information)
• Run campaigns to reduce risks
• Perform health and safety inspections
• Investigation after accident
• Examination of arrangements in workplace
• Advice verbally or in written form
 Exercise

What could happen if someone causes a breach of the law?

 Consequences
Consequencesof Non-Compliance
of Non Compliance
Breach of H&S legislation is usually a criminal
offence, leading to:
• Enforcement action:
‒ Improvement.
‒ Prohibition.
• Prosecution:
‒ Organisation may be fined.
‒ Individuals may be fined or imprisoned.
‒ Cancellation of company licence
 Other International Standards
Other International Standards

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

World’s largest developer of management standards, e.g.:
– ISO 9001 - Quality Management
– ISO 14001 - Environmental Management
– ISO 12100 - Safety of Machinery

These standards are not ‘law’, they’re good management

practice.
They lead to a worldwide common approach to good
management.
 Other International Standards
Other International Standards

Internationally-recognised standard for occupational

health and safety is currently
ISO 45001.
Compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001.
 Sources of Information
Sources of Information
• Health and Safety Executive (UK)
‒ www.hse.gov.uk

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)

‒ www.osha.gov

• European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU)

‒ https://osha.europa.eu/en

• Worksafe (Western Australia)

‒ www.commerce.wa.gov.au/WorkSafe
 Group Exercise
Group Exercise

An employee has been injured at work.

Identify potential:
• Direct costs of the accident.
• Indirect costs of the accident.
 End of Module 1.2 Exercise
Exercise
1. What are the two main standards that the ILO has
produced for health and safety? What do countries do
with these standards?
2. What are employers’ responsibilities under R164?
3. What are employees’ responsibilities under R164?
4. What action could be taken against organisations
breaking health and safety law?
1.3: Who Does What
in Organisations
 The Employer
The Employer
The employer - a person or organisation that employs
people.
The employer in this context is normally an organisation,
such as a company, and is sometimes referred to as the
‘corporate body’. They are a legal person.
 The Employer
The Employer
Responsibility for ensuring that the workplace is safe
and free of health risk rests with the employer.
As we noted earlier, this responsibility is made clear
in:
• ILO Convention C155.
• ILO Recommendation R164.
 The Employer
The Employer

The employer carries ultimate responsibility for

ensuring that the workplace is safe and free of
health and safety risks.

Ensures the safety of workers and ‘others’, e.g.

visitors and contractors.
 Directors andandSenior
Directors Managers
Senior Manager
• Give an organisation its direction.
• Set its priorities and play role in making policy.
• They make sure aims and objectives are suitable.
• Make sure risk assessment is carried out and control measures are in
place.
• They have to lead by example.
• Allocate resources and appoint competent persons.
• Allocate responsibilities. (Middle managers and establish
accountability system)
• Review of Organizational health and safety performance annually.
 Group Exercise

Why is it important for organizations to allocate resources

and appoint competent persons for health and safety?
 Middle Managers and Supervisors
Middle Managers

• Responsibility of OHS standards in the workplace

under their control
• Workplace and equipment are safe to work.
• Risk assessment of workplace is conducted and
revised.
• Safe working procedures are established and
implemented.
• Appropriate coordination between other managers
working in the same area, workers and contractors.
• Management of work progress to ensure long working
hours don't put adverse health effect on workers
 Group Exercise

Explain how managers should handle situations where

safety protocols are breached on-site?
 Supervisors

• Take part in accident/incident investigations

• Keep the record of all safety events like
accident, ill health, or risk assessment
documents.
• Provide Required training to workers are
being provided.
• Proper supervision on the workplace
activities.
• Provide workers with PPEs.
• Provide consultation.
 Safety specialists

They have responsibility to assist in

• Establishing health and safety policy, objectives and plans.
• Providing support, instruction, and guideline on health and
safety management system implementation.
• Top management to ensure compliance with health and safety
law
• Risk assessment and control implementation
• To promote positive health and safety culture
• Top management for removal of risks of accidents and
emergencies.
• Safety performance evaluation, including accident investigation
and carrying audits
• To identify training needs analysis
 Group Exercise

1. How does a safety specialist support top management in

ensuring compliance with health and safety laws?

2. Does it is necessary for an organization to hire Safety

officers? If yes then why?
 Contractor Management
Responsibilities resting With Contractors

Contractors have responsibility for their health and safety

as well as of others who might have the effect of their
work acts and actions.

Responsibility rests with a client (as an employer) for the

health and safety of his employees and the persons
paying visit inside the workplace. Such liability is divided
into the client and contractor

So, it is vital to hire a contractor on the biases of

contractor health and safety competency instead of price.
 Shared Duties
Shared Duties

The way that a client manages contractors can be broken

down into three key areas:

• Selection of contractors.

• Planning and co-ordinating

the work.

• Monitoring and managing

the work.
 Selection of Contractors
Selection of Contractor

Things you should check:

• A copy of their written • Accident history
health and safety policy • Record of previous and
• Written risk assessment current clients
• Written working methods • Certification of the
• Have access to specialist equipment and tools
advice on health and safety • Inspection and
• Record of qualifications and maintenance records
training of their staff • Enforcement records
• Record of membership of a • Records for using any sub
professional organisation contractors
 Group Exercise

What documentation should be checked before selecting a contractor to

ensure they meet health and safety standards?
 Planning and Co-ordination of the Work
Planning and Coordination of Work

• Client - Provide information about all known hazards

in the workplace.
• Contracts - conduct risk assessments and how risk
could be minimized.
• Contractor - submit a written safe working (usually
called method statement) method
• Communicate with each other and provide
information's, instruction and training
• Co-operate and coordinate through regular meetings
• Consult the workforce on health and safety matters
• The client should Manage and supervise the work.
 Monitor and Managing the Work
Monitoring & Managing the Work
Clients must:
• Monitor the work to ensure safety.

The client can:

• Stop the work if it involves unsafe
practices.

Auditing against agreed method statements is a good

technique.
 Monitoring & Managing the Work
Client should consider
• responsibility for the work
• responsibility for supervising
• what precautions will be taken
• What PPE is to be used procedures, including any permits-to-
work
• Work with mutual coordination.
• Prevent from creating any mutual confliction or clash
• The client owns responsibility for the monitoring
• Client should stop work activity until the prevision of agreed
arrangements in case of breach of method statement.
 JOINT OCCUPIERS OF PREMESIS
When two employers/contractors the vehicle movement.
join a place of work. They should
have to
• Conduct regular meetings of
their managers. • Conduct joint inspections of the
workplace .
• Share information and risk
assessments. • Draw up joint emergency
procedures
• Establish a joint site rules for
the workplace. • Conduct joint fire drills
• Establish joint procedures for • Procedure for the management
control of visitors. of waste
• Develop system of traffic and • Develop joint safety
committees
 End of Module 1.3 Exercise
Exercise
1. To whom does an employer owe a duty with regard to
health and safety?
2. How can directors influence health and safety?
3. What are the key worker responsibilities?
4. What would you look for/check when selecting a
contractor?
 Summary
Summary
In this element, we have:
• Introduced some key words, such as: health; safety; and welfare.
• Highlighted the three main reasons why an organisation has to manage health
and safety, which can be summarised as moral, legal and financial.
• Set out the basic requirements of the international standards that govern health
and safety, i.e. the ILO Convention C155 and Recommendation R164.
• Discussed the consequences for employers and workers of non-compliance with
legal standards, together with the possible issue of worker compensation.
• Noted some sources of information on national health and safety standards.
• Identified various parties within and outside of the workplace and the
responsibilities that they have.
• Considered the responsibility that a client has for the management of contractors
and outlined the steps that a client should take to choose a competent contractor
and plan and monitor their work.