Banker’s Algorithm

Lecture - 15
 Banker’s Algorithm
• Banker’s algorithm used to avoid deadlock and allocate
resources safely to each process in the computer system.
• It is a deadlock avoidance algorithm.
• The 'S-State' examines all possible tests or activities
before deciding whether the allocation should be allowed
to each process.
• It also helps the operating system to successfully share
the resources between all the processes.
• The banker's algorithm is named because it checks
whether a person should be sanctioned a loan amount or
not to help the bank system safely simulate allocation
resources.
Cont..

• To understand the Banker's Algorithm first we will see a real word

example of it.
• Suppose the number of account holders in a particular bank is 'n', and
the total money in a bank is 'T'. If an account holder applies for a loan;
first, the bank subtracts the loan amount from full cash and then
estimates the cash difference is greater than T to approve the loan
amount. These steps are taken because if another person applies for a
loan or withdraws some amount from the bank, it helps the bank
manage and operate all things without any restriction in the
functionality of the banking system.
• Similarly, it works in an operating system. When a new process is
created in a computer system, the process must provide all types of
information to the operating system like upcoming processes, requests
for their resources, counting them, and delays. Based on these criteria,
the operating system decides which process sequence should be
executed or waited so that no deadlock occurs in a system. Therefore, it
is also known as deadlock avoidance algorithm or deadlock
detection in the operating system.
Cont..
• Advantages
• It contains various resources that meet the requirements of each
process.
• Each process should provide information to the operating system for
upcoming resource requests, the number of resources, and how long the
resources will be held.
• It helps the operating system manage and control process requests for
each type of resource in the computer system.
• The algorithm has a Max resource attribute that represents indicates
each process can hold the maximum number of resources in a system.
• Disadvantages
• It requires a fixed number of processes, and no additional processes can
be started in the system while executing the process.
• The algorithm does no longer allow the processes to exchange its
maximum needs while processing its tasks.
• Each process has to know and state their maximum resource
requirement in advance for the system.
Cont..

• When working with a banker's algorithm, we must know about three

things:
• How much each process can request for each resource in the system. It is
denoted by the [MAX] request.
• How much each process is currently holding each resource in a system. It
is denoted by the [ALLOCATED] resource.
• It represents the number of each resource currently available in the system.
It is denoted by the [AVAILABLE] resource.

• Following are the important data structures terms applied

in the banker's algorithm as follows:
• Suppose n is the number of processes, and m is the number of
each type of resource used in a computer system.
 Cont..

• Available: It is an array of length 'm' that defines each type of resource

available in the system. When Available[j] = K, means that 'K' instances of
Resources type R[j] are available in the system.
• Max: It is a [n x m] matrix that indicates each process P[i] can store the
maximum number of resources R[j] (each type) in a system.
• Allocation: It is a matrix of m x n orders that indicates the type of resources
currently allocated to each process in the system. When Allocation [i, j] = K,
it means that process P[i] is currently allocated K instances of Resources type
R[j] in the system.
• Need: It is an M x N matrix sequence representing the number of remaining
resources for each process. When the Need[i] [j] = k, then process P[i] may
require K more instances of resources type Rj to complete the assigned work.
Need[i][j] = Max[i][j] - Allocation[i][j].
• Finish: It is the vector of the order m. It includes a Boolean value (true/false)
indicating whether the process has been allocated to the requested resources,
and all resources have been released after finishing its task.
 Cont..
• The Banker's Algorithm is the combination of the safety algorithm and the
resource request algorithm to control the processes and avoid deadlock in a
system:
• Safety Algorithm:
• It is a safety algorithm used to check whether or not a system is in a safe state or
follows the safe sequence in a banker's algorithm:
• 1. There are two vectors Wok and Finish of length m and n in a safety algorithm.
• Initialize: Work = Available
Finish[i] = false; for I = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4… n - 1.
• 2. Check the availability status for each type of resources [i], such as:
• Need[i] <= Work
Finish[i] == false
If i does not exist, go to step 4.
• 3. Work = Work +Allocation (i) // to get new resource allocation
• Finish[i] = true
• Go to step 2 to check the status of resource availability for the next process.
• 4. If Finish[i] == true; it means that the system is safe for all processes.
 Cont..
• Resource Request Algorithm
• A resource request algorithm checks how a system will behave when a process makes each
type of resource request in a system as a request matrix.
• Let create a resource request array R[i] for each process P[i]. If the Resource Request i [j] equal
to 'K', which means the process P[i] requires 'k' instances of Resources type R[j] in the system.
• 1. When the number of requested resources of each type is less than the Need resources, go
to step 2 and if the condition fails, which means that the process P[i] exceeds its maximum
claim for the resource. As the expression suggest:
• If Request(i) <= Need
Go to step 2;
• 2. And when the number of requested resources of each type is less than the available resource
for each process, go to step (3). As the expression suggests:
• If Request(i) <= Available
Else Process P[i] must wait for the resource since it is not available for use.
• 3. When the requested resource is allocated to the process by changing state:
• Available = Available - Request
Allocation(i) = Allocation(i) + Request (i)
Needi = Needi - Requesti
• When the resource allocation state is safe, its resources are allocated to the process P(i). And if
the new state is unsafe, the Process P (i) has to wait for each type of Request R(i) and restore
the old resource-allocation state.
Cont..
• Example: Consider a system that contains five processes P1, P2, P3, P4,
P5 and the three resource types A, B and C. Following are the resources
types: A has 10, B has 5 and the resource type C has 7 instances.

• Answer the following questions:

• 1. What is the reference of the need matrix?
• 2. Determine if the system is safe or deadlock free or not.
• 3. What will happen if the system makes a resource request of (1, 0, 2) for
process P1. Can the system accepts this request immediately?
Cont..
• Answer:
• 1: Context of the need matrix is as follows:
• Need [i] = Max [i] - Allocation [i]
Need for P1: (7, 5, 3) - (0, 1, 0) = 7, 4, 3
Need for P2: (3, 2, 2) - (2, 0, 0) = 1, 2, 2
Need for P3: (9, 0, 2) - (3, 0, 2) = 6, 0, 0
Need for P4: (2, 2, 2) - (2, 1, 1) = 0, 1, 1
Need for P5: (4, 3, 3) - (0, 0, 2) = 4, 3, 1
• 2: Apply the Banker's Algorithm:
• Available Resources of A, B and C are 3, 3, and 2.
• Now we check if each type of resource request is available for each
process.
• Step 1: For Process P1:
• Need <= Available
• 7, 4, 3 <= 3, 3, 2 condition is false.
• So, we examine another process, P2.
Cont..
• Step 2: For Process P2:
• Need <= Available
• 1, 2, 2 <= 3, 3, 2 condition true
• New available = available + Allocation
• (3, 3, 2) + (2, 0, 0) => 5, 3, 2
• Similarly, we examine another process P3.
• Step 3: For Process P3:
• P3 Need <= Available
• 6, 0, 0 < = 5, 3, 2 condition is false.
• Similarly, we examine another process, P4.
Cont..
• Step 4: For Process P4:
• P4 Need <= Available
• 0, 1, 1 <= 5, 3, 2 condition is true
• New Available resource = Available + Allocation
• 5, 3, 2 + 2, 1, 1 => 7, 4, 3
• Similarly, we examine another process P5.
• Step 5: For Process P5:
• P5 Need <= Available
• 4, 3, 1 <= 7, 4, 3 condition is true
• New available resource = Available + Allocation
• 7, 4, 3 + 0, 0, 2 => 7, 4, 5
• Now, we again examine each type of resource request for
processes P1 and P3.
Cont..
• Step 6: For Process P1:
• P1 Need <= Available
• 7, 4, 3 <= 7, 4, 5 condition is true
• New Available Resource = Available + Allocation
• 7, 4, 5 + 0, 1, 0 => 7, 5, 5
• So, we examine another process P3.
• Step 7: For Process P3:
• P3 Need <= Available
• 6, 0, 0 <= 7, 5, 5 condition is true
• New Available Resource = Available + Allocation
• 7, 5, 5 + 3, 0, 2 => 10, 5, 7
• Hence, we execute the banker's algorithm to find the safe
state and the safe sequence like <P2, P4, P5, P1 and P3>.
 Cont..
• Ans. 3: Additional request of P1 is (1, 0, 2)
• To decide whether the request is granted, we use resource request
algorithm:

• We must determine whether this new system state is safe. To do so,

we again execute Safety algorithm (as described in Slides 10-13) on
the above data structures.