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CH18 MultiCoreComputers 18 Slides

This document discusses multicore computers, which integrate multiple processor cores on a single chip, highlighting hardware and software performance issues associated with their use. It covers advancements such as pipelining, superscalar architectures, and simultaneous multithreading, as well as the implications for power consumption and cache organization. Additionally, it outlines effective applications for multicore processors and provides an overview of Intel's multicore organization.

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16 views18 pages

CH18 MultiCoreComputers 18 Slides

This document discusses multicore computers, which integrate multiple processor cores on a single chip, highlighting hardware and software performance issues associated with their use. It covers advancements such as pipelining, superscalar architectures, and simultaneous multithreading, as well as the implications for power consumption and cache organization. Additionally, it outlines effective applications for multicore processors and provides an overview of Intel's multicore organization.

Uploaded by

quocvietlhbs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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+

William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
9th Edition
Objectives
 A multicore computer, also known as a chip multiprocessor,
combines two or more processors (called cores) on a single piece of
silicon (called a die- khuôn mẫu). Typically, each core consists of
all of the components of an independent processor, such as
registers, ALU, pipeline hardware, and control unit, plus L1
instruction and data caches. In addition to the multiple cores,
contemporary multicore chips also include L2 cache and,
increasingly, L3 cache.

 Your computer is a multicore computer. Do you want to know about


it?

 After studying this chapter, you should be able to:


 Understand the hardware performance issues that have driven
the move to multicore computers.
 Understand the software performance issues posed by the use of
multithreaded multicore computers.
 Have an appreciation of the use of multicore organization on
embedded systems, PCs and servers, and mainframes.
Contents

18.1 Hardware Performance Issues


18.2 Software Performance Issues
18.3 Multicore Organization
18.4- introduction to Intel x86
Multicore Organization
+
18.1- Hardware Performance
Issues
Increase in Parallelism and Complexity
These changes include, in chronological order
 Pipelining: Individual instructions are executed through a
pipeline of stages so that while one instruction is executing in
one stage of the pipeline, another instruction is executing in
another stage of the pipeline. •
 Superscalar: Multiple pipelines are constructed by replicating
execution resources. This enables parallel execution of
instructions in parallel pipelines, so long as hazards are avoided.
 Simultaneous multithreading (SMT): Register banks are
replicated so that multiple threads can share the use of pipeline
resources.(a)

For each of these innovations, designers have over the years


attempted to increase the performance of the system by adding
complexity
+
Alternative Chip
Organization

There is a practical limit to how


far this trend can be taken,
because with more stages, there
is the need for more logic, more
interconnections, and more
control signals

SMT: Simultaneous multithreading


+
Intel Hardware

Trends

Beginning about
2000, a new flat
region of the curve
appears, as the limits
of effective
exploitation of
instruction-level
parallelism are
reached.
Processor Trends
Power

Memory

+
+ Power Consumption
 By2015 we can expect to see microprocessor
chips with about 100 billion transistors on a
300 mm2 die (base)
 Assuming that about 50-60% of the chip area
is devoted to memory, the chip will support
cache memory of about 100 MB and leave
over 1 billion transistors available for logic
 How to use all those logic transistors is a key
design issue
 Pollack’s Rule
 States that performance increase is roughly
proportional to square root of increase in complexity
+ f

18.2- Software
Performance
Issues

Performance
Effect of
Multiple Cores
f
Amdahl’s law
f: frequency, N: number of CPU
Scaling of Database Workloads on Multiple-Processor
hardware

Database management
systems and database
applications are one area in
which multicore systems can
be used effectively. Many
kinds of servers can also
effectively use the parallel
multicore organization,
because servers typically
handle numerous relatively
independent transactions in
parallel.
+ Effective Applications for Multicore
Processors

 Multi-threaded native applications


 Characterized by having a small number of highly threaded
processes
 Lotus Domino, Siebel CRM (Customer Relationship Manager)

 Multi-process applications
 Characterized by the presence of many single-threaded processes
 Oracle, SAP, PeopleSoft

 Java applications
 Java Virtual Machine is a multi-threaded process that provides
scheduling and memory management for Java applications
 Sun’s Java Application Server, BEA’s Weblogic, IBM Websphere, Tomcat

 Multi-instance applications
 One application running multiple times
 If multiple application instances require some degree of isolation,
virtualization technology can be used to provide each of them with its
own separate and secure environment
+
18.3- Multicore
Organization
At a top level of description, the main variables
in a multicore organization are as follows:
 The number of core processors on the chip
 The number of levels of cache memory
 The amount of cache memory that is shared
+
Multicore
Organizatio
n…

D-cache: cache
storing data
I-cache: cache
storing
instructions
Intel Intel
Core Core
Duo i7
+
13.4- Intel
x86
Multicore
Organization

APIC: Advanced
Programmable Interrupt
Controller
Thermal Control: Power
Management Logic Intel Core Duo

Arch.: Architecture
+
Intel Core I7-990X Organization
+ Exercises
 18.1 Summarize the differences among simple
instruction pipelining, superscalar, and simultaneous
multithreading.
 18.2 Give several reasons for the choice by designers
to move to a multicore organization rather than
increase parallelism within a single processor.
 18.3 Why is there a trend toward giving an increasing
fraction of chip area to cache memory?
 18.5 At a top level, what are the main design variables
in a multicore organization?
 18.6 List some advantages of a shared L2 cache among
cores compared to separate dedicated L2 caches for
each core.
+ Summary Multicore
Computers
Chapter 18

 Hardware performance issues  Multicore organization


 Increase in parallelism and
complexity  Intel x86 multicore
 Power consumption organization
 Intel Core Duo
 Software performance issues  Intel Core i7-990X
 Software on multicore

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