LOGIC

Logic is a branch of science that

investigates the principles of correct forms
of reasoning. It plays a fundamental role in
such disciplines as philosophy, mathematics
and computer science. In this lesson, we will
be discussing logic statements and
quantifiers. We will make use of truth tables
to determine if statements are tautology or
not. Statements such as conditional,
biconditional and related statements will be
considered in making conclusions.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able
to:
1.identify statements;
2.classify statement as simple or compound;
3.write the negation of a statement;
4.write statements symbolically;
5.determine the connective to be used;
Stimulating Learning
Inculcating Concepts
The great German philosopher, writer and
mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
(1646–1716) was among the first to realize
the need to formalize logical argument
forms. It was his dream to create a universal
formal language of science that would
translate all philosophical arguments to
symbols and variables (symbolic logic) in
place of natural language, such as English, in
order to remove vagueness.
Statements

A statement or a proposition is a declarative sentence that can

be objectively determined to be true or false,

but not both.
Radioactive ants can make you a
superhero. (false)
SENTENCES
STATEMENT  Salakayan festival is the festival in
 Radioactive ants can make you a (can be determined as Miagao, Iloilo. (true)
true or false but not both)
superhero.
 Salakayan festival is the festival  13 + 12 = 25 (true)
in Miagao,Iloilo.
 13 + 12 = 25.
 Make me a pot. (command sentence, cannot be determined as
 Make me a pot. true or false)

 What makes a better student?

Not a STATEMENT  What makes a better student? (question/interrogative
 Wow! (cannot be determined as sentence, cannot be determined as true or false)
True or false)
 Wow! (exclamatory sentence, cannot be determined as true or
false
Recognizing Statements.
Decide which of the following are statements and which are
not.
(a) Bamboo is the strongest tree.
(b) Do you believe that bamboo can be considered as a
grass?
(c) Hey, that’s awesome!
(d) 28 ÷ 7 + 6 - 2 =
(e) This house is made up of bamboos.
(f) For me, seeing you happy makes me inspired.
a. Bamboo is the strongest tree. a. it is a statement, can be judged as
true or false in an objective manner.

b. Do you believe that bamboo can be b. not a statement, because it is a

considered as a grass? question.

c. Hey, that’s awesome!

c. not a statement, because it is an
exclamation.
d. 28 ÷ 7 + 6 - 2 =
d. it is a statement, can be judged as
true or false in an objective manner.
e. This house is made up of bamboos..
e. it is a statement, can be judged as
true or false in an objective manner.
(f) For me, seeing you happy makes me
inspired. f. not a statement, it gives an opinion.
Simple Statements and Compound Statements

A simple statement contains only one

idea.
Examples:
 Your uniform is red.
 This university is surrounded by beautiful
trees.
 Muscovado sugar is very nutritious.
A compound statement is formed by joining two or
more simple statements with a connective.

Examples:
 April studied for 5 hours, and she got the highest
score.
 Mary will run in a mini triathlon or she will play in the
campus tournament.
 If you are vaccinated with anti-covid vaccine, then you
are 80% safe from the infection of virus.
Connectives
The basic connectives such as and, or, if…then, and if
and only if are used to form compound statements.

Formal Name Connective

Conjunction and

Disjunction or

Conditional If … then

Biconditional If and only if

Classifying Statements as Simple or Compound
Classify each statement as simple or compound. If it is
compound, state the name of the connective used.

1. If you register for Wi-Fi service, then you will

get 3 days of free access.
2. Tomorrow is the last day of registration for
online classes.
3. In this time of pandemic, I will stay at home
or go for a vacation.
 a. This if . . . then statement
a. If you register for Wi-Fi
is compound and uses a
service, then you will get 3
conditional connective.
days of free access.
b. This is a simple statement.
b. Tomorrow is the last day of
registration for online classes.
c. Ultimately, this statement
could be restated as “I will
c. In this time of pandemic, I
stay at home, or I will go for a
will stay at home or go for a
vacation”, which makes it a
vacation.
compound statement:
specifically, a disjunction.
Quantified Statements

Quantified statements involve terms such as all,

each, every, no, none, some, there exists, and at
least one.
•The first five (all, each, every, no, none) are called
universal quantifiers because they either include or
exclude every element of the universal set.
•The latter three (some, there exists, at least one) are
called existential quantifiers because they claim the
existence of something, but do not include the entire
universal set.
all, each, every, no, none
some, there exists, at least one

UNIVERSAL EXISTENTIAL
QUANTIFIERS QUANTIFIERS
Here are some examples of quantified statements:

• Every student in the university are required to

make their LMS account.
• No student should left behind.
• Some people who are skilled in bamboo
furniture making are also skilled in pottery
making.
• There is at least one professor in this school
who is not fully vaccinated.
Negations of Statement

•The negation of a statement is a corresponding

statement with the opposite truth value.
•The typical way to negate a simple statement is by
adding the word not. If the statement already includes
the word not, then remove it to form the negation.
:

Here are some examples of

negations
Statement Negation of the Statement

Pacquiao will win on his fight. Pacquiao will not win on his
fight.
I uploaded my work today. I did not upload my work
today.
My phone cannot access the My phone can access the
internet. internet.
Six plus seven is not equal to Six plus seven is equal to 13.
13.
Negations of Quantified Statements
We can summarize the negation of quantified statements as follows:
Statement contains… Negation of quantified terms

All do/ Every Some do not

Some do All do not/ None do

Some do not All do/ every

None do Some do

All are Some are not

Some are None are or All are not

Writing Negations Of Quantified Statements
Write the negation of each of the following quantified
statements .

QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS NEGATION OF QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS

Every student in the university Some students in the university are not required to
are required to make their LMS make their LMS account.
account.

Some people are skilled in No people are skilled in bamboo furniture making.
bamboo furniture making

There is at least one

professor in this school who is All professors in this school are fully vaccinated.
not fully vaccinated.

No student should left behind. At least one student should left behind.
Symbolic Notation

Symbolic logic uses letters to represent

statements and special symbols to represent words
like and, or, and not.
Use of this symbolic notation in place of the
statements themselves allows us to analytically
evaluate the validity of the logic behind an argument
without letting bias and emotion cloud our judgment.
Symbols for the Connectives
Name Connective Symbol

Conjunction and ˄

Disjunction or ˅

Conditional If … then →

Biconditional If and only if ↔

 We often use parentheses in logical
statements when more than one connective is
involved in order to specify an order.
Simple statements in logic are usually
denoted with lowercase letters like p, q, and r.
Write in conjunction, disjunction, conditional and
biconditional and translate to symbol the two
statements below.

We could use “p” to represent the

statement “I am vaccinated” and “q” to
represent the statement “I will be safe
from the spread covid-19.”