 Name : Sadman Showmik

 Roll : 104
 Section : A
 Batch : 18th
 Course: An Introduction to basic MS application
 Assignment: An introduction to computer
 Submitted to : Prof. Dr. MD. Moktar Ali
 Preface: Introduction to
 Computers
We are living in an age where digitalization has
taken up everything, and in all this chaos,
computers find their way in almost every nook
and corner of the modern world. Computers cut
across cultures driving innovations, embarking on
even complex quests. They help us devise
solutions to problems and execute tasks in novel,
efficient ways.

 This course aims to introduce students to the

world of computers and build their appreciation of
what makes them tick, and the importance they
serve in society. It begins with the fundamentals,
covering the essential architecture of computer
systems, including elements of hardware and
software, networks and connectivity, while
explaining the basic building blocks necessary for
the operation of computer technologies
 Definition of a Computer

 A computer may be defined as an electronic machine that processes information in a

systematic and logical manner which helps in delivering more relevant information.
It has the potential to carry out a whole range of activities which range from
arithmetic, keeping and assessing information, and even working and handling
machine controlled processes. Computers accomplish these functions by integrating
hardware (the tangible components) with software (the codes or the program that
give instructions) in a combination.
Purpose of a Computer
 The primary purpose of a computer is to simplify and
enhance human tasks by automating processes,
improving accuracy, and increasing efficiency. Specific
purposes include:
 Data Processing: To quickly process large volumes of
data for meaningful insights.
 Automation: To execute repetitive tasks without manual
intervention.
 Communication: To enable global connectivity through
emails, video calls, and the internet.
 Storage and Retrieval: To store vast amounts of
information and access it instantly.
 Problem Solving: To perform complex calculations and
simulations, aiding in scientific and industrial
advancements.
 Entertainment: To provide digital content such as
games, movies, and music.
 Control Systems: To manage and monitor processes in
various industries like manufacturing and transportation.
 By combining speed, accuracy, and versatility,
computers serve as indispensable tools across all sectors
of society.
 Basic components of a computer

 The basic components of a

computer are the essential parts
that work together to perform
various tasks. These components
can be divided into hardware
(physical parts) and software
(programs and instructions).
 The following slides will provide a
brief statement about computer
hardware, software and input-
output.
 Hardware.
(a)Input devices:
 Devices that enable the entry of information and
commands into the computer.
 Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone and
touchpad
 1) CPU or Central Processing Unit
 The “brain” of the machine which interprets commands
and does computations.
 It consists of two functional units:
 Control Unit (CU): Controlled the tendency and managed
what was going on.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The device used for operations
of mathematics and logical unit.
 2). Memory
 This is a volatile storage used to temporarily store the data
and the instructions being processed.
 Primary Memory
 RAM (Random Access Memory): A store area that has data
but only for a short duration, it is quicker but unstable.
 ROM (Read Only Memory): A type of data that is
unchangeable and keeps important mode instructions.
 Secondary Memory
 A store place for the information and the files and
applications.
 Examples: Hard disks, SSDs, USB connectors
(b)Output devices

 Devices that are used to display and or show the results of processes executed by a computer.
 Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers, and headsets.
 1) Storage Devices
 They can be defined as devices employed for saving specific information and data either on a permanent or a semi permanent basis.
 Examples: Hardisk and disk drives, SSDs and cloud storage.
 2) Motherboard
 The central printed circuit board that facilitates the interconnection of and the intercommunication amongst computer components.
 3) Power Supply Unit: (PSU) Provides electricity to be turned into a usable form that can then power the computer.
 4) Network Interface: Provides network or internet access. Example: Ethernet port, Wi-Fi adapter.
software

. Software is the set of instructions that tells the

hardware what to do. It can be classified into two main
types:
 1) System Software:
 Software that manages the computer hardware and
provides basic functionality.
 Examples: Operating systems (Windows, macOS,
Linux).
 2) Application Software:
 Software designed for specific tasks or applications.
 Examples: Word processors, web browsers, games,
and graphic design programs.
 key characteristics of a computer

 a) Speed, Accuracy and Automation

 NOTE: Capabilities and What Sets it Apart from
Other Tools or Devices — Main Features of a
Computer All these traits make computers
indispensable for everyday use and industrial
applications alike.
 1. Speed: An average computer these days can
normally do billions or millions of instructions per
second. Example: Complex calculations and data
analysis that a human could perform in hours or
days can be done within seconds.
 2. Accuracy: These are extremely precise
computers, with errors generally resulting from
user error or specific software quirks — not the
machine. A computer is well suited for exact
calculations. Example like, the root of x^2-1
 3. Automation: Computers, once programmed
are capable of automatic tasks handling without a
constant human push. For instance, Schedule
tasks; Automated data backups or running scripts.
(b) Versatility, Storage, Connectivity,
Diligence

 4. Versatility: Computers are capable of handling a diverse array of tasks,

including word processing, video editing, scientific simulations, and gaming.
Example: The same device can serve purposes in entertainment, education, and
professional environments.
 5. Storage: Computers have the ability to store large quantities of data for easy
access and future use. Types: Temporary storage (RAM) and long-term storage (hard
drives, SSDs, or cloud storage). Example: Millions of documents, photos, or videos
can be kept in digital form.
 6. Connectivity: Computers facilitate communication through networking and the
internet, linking users across the globe. Example: Email, social media, video
conferencing, and cloud-based services.
 7. Diligence: Unlike humans, computers do not suffer from fatigue, boredom, or
emotional distractions. They can operate continuously without any decline in
performance. Example: Servers that run 24/7 to support websites or online services.
(c)Multitasking, Cost- Effectiveness,
Scalability, Programmability

 8) Multitasking Computers can handle several tasks at once without any noticeable lag.
Example: You can browse the internet, edit a document, and listen to music all at the same time.
 9) Cost-Effectiveness While the upfront investment might be high, computers ultimately save
time and reduce labor costs by automating various tasks. Example: In many industries, using
computer-driven processes instead of manual labor cuts down on operational expenses.
 10) Scalability Computers are capable of managing tasks of different complexities, ranging
from simple calculations to running advanced artificial intelligence systems. Example: Upgrading
components like RAM or storage can enhance performance for more intensive tasks.
 11) Programmability Computers can be programmed to execute specific tasks through
instructions written in various programming languages. Example: They can automate data entry
or conduct simulations in scientific research.
 Summary These features make computers incredibly powerful and versatile tools, applicable
across a wide range of fields. Their speed, precision, and ability to efficiently store and process
information have transformed the way we live and work.
 Types of computer

 1. Supercomputers Definition: The most powerful and fastest computers, utilized for intricate calculations and extensive data processing. Applications:
Weather forecasting, scientific research, space exploration, and simulations. Example: Summit (developed by IBM).
 2. Mainframe Computers Definition: Large, robust computers capable of managing and processing vast amounts of data at once. Applications: Employed in
banks, insurance companies, and government agencies for large-scale data processing. Example: IBM Z Series.
 3. Minicomputers (Mid-Range Computers) Definition: Mid-sized computers that are smaller than mainframes but more powerful than personal computers.
Applications: Used in various industries for process control, database management, and business applications. Example: DEC PDP-8.
 4. Personal Computers (PCs) Definition: General-purpose computers designed for individual use. Applications: Office work, gaming, internet browsing, and
educational purposes. Types: - Desktop Computers: Stationary systems typically found in homes and offices. - Laptops: Portable computers designed for use on
the go. - Tablets: Lightweight, touchscreen devices for casual use. - Smartphones: Compact computers with phone functionalities.
 5. Workstations Definition: High-performance computers tailored for technical or scientific tasks. Applications: CAD (Computer-Aided Design), 3D modeling,
video editing, and software development. Example: Dell Precision series.
 A brief overview of computer
evolution, from mechanical
calculators to modern AI-
powered systems.
 First generation (1940-1950) – Vacuum tubes Eniac (1945): The first
general purpose electronic computer. Used for military calculations Characteristics: Large, energy-
intensive machines that rely on vacuum tubes for processing.


Second Generation (1950-1960) - Transistor Transition to transistors
(1947): Lighter, faster, and more reliable than vacuum tubes. Computer: IBM 1401, UNIVAC II Usage:
Extended business use, such as in managing payroll and inventory. 6.

 Third Generation (1960-1970) - Integrated Circuits (IC) Evolution: ICs allow

many transistors to be placed on a single chip. Make computers smaller and more powerful
Computer: IBM System/360 series Applications: Banking systems, scientific research and the
creation of networks in the early days 7.

 Fourth generation (1970-present) – Microprocessors Invention of the

microprocessor (1971): Intel 4004 introduces the microprocessor, where the computer's CPU is
placed on a single chip. Personal computers (1970-1980): Apple's first, the IBM PC, popularized
home computers. The Internet Boom (1990s): and Revolutionizing the Global Communications
Business .

 Fifth Generation (Present and Future) :Modern

computers utilize
artificial intelligence, enabling applications like voice
assistants (e.g., Alexa, Siri), facial recognition, and
autonomous vehicles. Explores computing power at
the atomic level, offering exponential performance
improvements for complex problems. Provides
scalable, on-demand computing resources via the
internet.
Impact on a society
 The impact of computers on society has been transformative,
influencing nearly every aspect of daily life, work, and global progress.
Here's a brief overview:
 Enhanced Communication:
• Computers enable instant global connectivity through email, social
media, and video conferencing.
• Example: Platforms like Zoom and WhatsApp facilitate personal and
professional interactions.
 Increased Efficiency and Productivity:
• Automation of repetitive tasks and improved data processing save time
and resources in industries and households.
• Example: Businesses use ERP systems to streamline operations.
 Access to Information:
• The internet, powered by computers, provides unprecedented access
to knowledge and learning resources.
• Example: Search engines and online libraries democratize education
and research.
 Economic Growth and Innovation:
• Computers drive advancements in technology, creating new industries
like e-commerce, software development, and AI.
• Example: Startups in fintech, healthtech, and EdTech flourish due to
computer innovation.
 Job Creation and Transformation:
• New roles emerge in IT, programming, and digital marketing, while traditional jobs evolve with technology integration.
• Example: Remote work has expanded due to computing technologies.
 Improved Quality of Life:
• Computers enhance healthcare, education, and entertainment, enriching personal and professional lives.
• Example: Wearable devices monitor health in real-time.
 Ethical and Social Challenges:
• Concerns about privacy, cybersecurity, and digital addiction arise from computer reliance.
• Example: Data breaches and misinformation impact societal trust.
 Summary
 Computers have revolutionized society by improving efficiency, fostering innovation, and enhancing quality of life. However, they also bring
 Future Trend
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML):
• Impact: AI and ML will continue to enhance automation,
personalization, and decision-making across industries.
• Examples:
• AI-powered chatbots for customer service.
• Advanced ML algorithms for predictive analytics in
healthcare and business.
 Quantum Computing:
• Impact: Quantum computers will solve complex problems
beyond the reach of traditional computers, such as molecular
modeling and cryptographic analysis.
• Examples:
• Drug discovery in pharmaceuticals.
• Optimization of large-scale logistics and supply chain
 Edge Computing:
• Impact: Edge computing will reduce latency by processing data
closer to its source, improving real-time applications.
• Examples:
• Autonomous vehicles relying on real-time data from
sensors.
• IoT devices in smart homes and cities.

•
 Cloud Computing and Hybrid Solutions:
• Impact: Cloud computing will grow, with hybrid
models combining public and private clouds for
greater flexibility and scalability.
• Examples:
• Multi-cloud strategies in businesses.
• AI-powered cloud platforms for enhanced analytics.
 5G and Beyond:
• Impact: Faster and more reliable connectivity will
enable advancements in smart cities, IoT, and
immersive technologies.
• Examples:
• Seamless AR/VR experiences.
• Real-time collaboration and telemedicine.
 Internet of Things (IoT):
• Impact: The IoT ecosystem will expand,
interconnecting more devices for smarter
environments.
• Examples:
• Smart appliances optimizing energy consumption.
• Industrial IoT for predictive maintenance.
 Human-Computer Interaction (HCI):

• Impact: Interfaces like voice commands, gestures,

and brain-computer interaction will redefine how we
interact with technology.
• Examples:
• Voice assistants like Alexa evolving to intuitive
conversational systems.
• Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for controlling
devices with thoughts.
 Sustainable Computing:
• Impact: Eco-friendly technologies will reduce energy
consumption and e-waste.
• Examples:
• Energy-efficient processors and data centers.
• Recycling and repurposing old hardware.
 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality
(VR):
• Impact: AR and VR will reshape entertainment,
education, and professional training.
• Examples:
• Virtual classrooms and simulations for immersive
learning.
• AR tools for remote maintenance and design.
Conclusion:

 “AComprehensive Overview: Understanding Computers and Their

Role in Modern Life”.
 A computer is an electronic device designed to process, store, and retrieve
data efficiently. It operates using hardware (physical components) and
software (programs and instructions) to perform a wide range of tasks,
from simple calculations to complex problem-solving. Computers have
evolved significantly, starting from mechanical calculators to modern AI-
powered systems, revolutionizing how we work, learn, and live.
 Key characteristics such as speed, accuracy, automation, and versatility
make computers essential tools in various fields like education, healthcare,
entertainment, business, and science. With continuous advancements in
technology, computers are shaping the future through innovations like AI,
quantum computing, and IoT, making them integral to modern society.