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Lecture 22

The document discusses the principles of steady state mass and energy rate balance in thermodynamics, particularly focusing on conditions under which the control volume (cv) can be ignored. It explains that cv can be neglected due to factors like insulation, small surface area, minimal temperature differences, and high fluid speeds. Additionally, it describes the functions of nozzles and diffusers in fluid dynamics, highlighting their roles in increasing and decreasing fluid velocity, respectively.

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Mujtaba Hasan
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20 views6 pages

Lecture 22

The document discusses the principles of steady state mass and energy rate balance in thermodynamics, particularly focusing on conditions under which the control volume (cv) can be ignored. It explains that cv can be neglected due to factors like insulation, small surface area, minimal temperature differences, and high fluid speeds. Additionally, it describes the functions of nozzles and diffusers in fluid dynamics, highlighting their roles in increasing and decreasing fluid velocity, respectively.

Uploaded by

Mujtaba Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME 231

Thermodynamics-I

Lecture 22
Fall 2015
Steady State Mass and Energy Rate Balance
Steady State: All properties are unchanging in time.

2
Conditions to ignore cv

cv is set to zero in the balance because it is small relative


to other energy transfers across the boundary.
Why?
• Outer surface of the CV is well insulated.
• Outer surface area is too small for effective heat transfer.
• Small temperature difference between the CV and its
surroundings help to ignore heat transfer.
• High gas or liquid speed reduces the chances of a
significant heat transfer to occur.
3
Conditions to ignore cv

cv is set to drop out from the energy balance when there


are;
• No rotating shafts,
• Displacements of the boundary,
• Electrical effects, or
• Other work mechanisms

4
Nozzles and Diffusers
A nozzle is a flow passage of varying cross-sectional area
in which the velocity of a gas or liquid increases in the
direction of flow.

In a diffuser, the gas or liquid decelerates in the direction


of flow.

5
Nozzle and Diffuser Modeling Considerations

cv =0

Z1=Z2; 1-D flow

cv << h1- h2

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