Unit - I

Basic Syntactical Constructs in Java

(10 Marks)
 Fundamental of Programming

Two types of Programing Paradigm

POP OOP
-Linear Flow of data by functions -Non Linear flow of data by Object
-Structure Oriented -Object Oriented
-Top-down approach -Bottom-up approach.
- e.g.: C - e.g.: C++ & JAVA
Fundamental of Programming
 What is Java???
• JAVA is general purpose (high level) programming
language, designed to produce programs that will
run on any computer system.
Or
• JAVA is programming language expressly designed for
use in the distributed environment of the internet

• Java is an Object-Oriented programming language

developed by James Gosling in the early 1990s.
 History of Java
• In 1990, Sun Micro Systems Inc. (US) was decided to develop a
project for consumer electronic devices that could be controlled by
a remote. This project was called Stealth (secrete) Project but later
its name was changed to Green Project.

• In January 1991, Project Manager James Gosling and his team

members Patrick Naughton ,Mike Sheridan, Chris Wrath, and Ed
Frank met to discuss about this project.

• Gosling thought C and C++ would be used to develop the project.

But the problem he faced with them is that they were system
dependent languages.
 History of Java
• James Gosling with his team started developing a new language,
which was completely system independent.

• This language was initially called OAK. Since this name was
registered by some other company, later it change to the name
JAVA.

• James Gosling and his team members were consuming a lot of

coffee while developing this language. Good quality of coffee
was supplied from a place called “Java Island” at Indonesia.
Hence they fixed the name of the language as Java. The symbol
for Java language is cup and saucer.

• Sun microsystem formally announced Java at Sun World

conference in 1995. On January 23rd 1996, JDK1.0 version was
released
 More about Java???
• JAVA is PURE Object Oriented language.
• Two stage system Compiled & interpreter
• Java Compiler translate source code into byte
code
• Java interpreter translate byte code into
machine code
• Java compiler & interpreter together called as
JVM(java virtual machine)
• Write once run anywhere (WORA) strategies
– Compiled java programs once can run on all platform
that support java without recompilation.
Write Once’s Run Anywhere
 JAVA contain OOP Concept
• Class: set of object which further define set of Functions
• Object: Instance of class, which defines set of function
• Data Abstraction: Representing essential features without
including the background particulars or clarification.
• Data Encapsulation: packaging up of data and
methods(Functions) into the single unit.
• Data Hiding: The methods(Functions) which are packaged
• around the object can access the data.
• Polymorphism: Ability to take more than one form
• Inheritance: Adopting properties of Old class to new class
• Binding: (Static/dynamic)- Compiler knows the methods (values)
before / After execution.
 JAVA & C
- JAVA is lot a like C language, but major difference between
them C is not OOP language were as JAVA is PURE OOP language

• Java does not include unique statement like ‘sizeof’ &

‘typedef’
• Java doesn’t support ‘union’ & ‘structure’
• Java does not support ‘pointers’
• Java does not have preprocessor like ‘#define,
#include etc.’
• Java adds new operators such as ‘instanceOf’ and >>>
• Java adds labeled break and continue
 JAVA & C++
-JAVA is TRUE Object Oriented where as C++ basically extension
of Object Orientation
• Java does not support Operator Overloading
• Java does not have template class as in C++
• Java does not support multiple inheritance of classes,
this is accomplished by new feature ‘interface’
• Java does not use pointers.
• Java replaced function like destructor() with function
finalize().
• In java we don’t use any header file.
 Features of JAVA
• Simple & Small: Java is designed to be easy for the
professional programmer to learn and use.
• object-oriented: Almost everything in java is an Object. All
program code reside in classes. Java comes with set of
classes arranged in packages.
• Compiled & Interpreter: Java compiler translates source
code into byte code instruction. Byte code are not
machine instruction. Java Interpreter translate byte code
into machine code. Therefore JAVA also called Two-Stage
system.(JVM)
• Robust & Secure: Restricts the programmer to find the
mistakes early, performs compile-time (strong typing) and
run-time (exception-handling) checks, manages memory
automatically.
 Features of JAVA
• Multithreaded: supports multi-threaded programming
(multiple task run simultaneously w/o worrying about
application)
• Platform Independent & Architecture-neutral: Java Virtual
Machine provides a platform independent environment for
the execution of Java byte code(WORA) write one's run
anywhere Eg:

Source code Hi.java

Hi.class
JAVA JAVA Machine
Byte code
Compiler Interpreter code

m/c independent code

 Features of JAVA
• Dynamic: Java is dynamic language support dynamic
linking of libraries, class, methods, object etc. It also
support functions of other language like C & C++.
• Distributed: Java also useful for Network, Multiple
programmer at multiple remote location can share same
project. Web browser support for java applet
• Interpreted and high-performance: Speed of execution of
Java program is Fast as compared to C/C++. Due to two
stage system.(compile + interpreter=JVM)
• JVM=Java Virtual Machine
 Java Environment
• Java environment includes large no. of development
tools and hundreds of classes and functions (method
in java).
• The development tools are part of system, known as
JDK(Java Development Kit).
• And classes and methods are part of JSL(Java Standard
Libraries)
 Java Environment
• Java Development Kit JDK, comes under variety of tools use
for developing & running java programs.
• javac (Java Compiler):
• To translate source code into byte code
• java (Java Interpreter)
• To translate byte code into machine code
• javap (Java disassembler)
• To convert byte code file into program description.
• javah (For C Header file)
• Produce header file for use with C program
• javadoc (for creating HTML documents)
• Create HTML format documentation from java source code file
• appletviewer (for viewing java applet on browser)
• To run java applets (without using browser)
 Prepare and Execute Java

Java Java
l e Compiler Interpreter
pi
m

n
Co

Ru
Java
m/c
Java Source Java Bytecode code

<file>.java
Java <file>.class
Dis-assembler
 Java software development kit SDK

• Java SDK comes in three Editions

– 1) J2ME- Micro edition (for handheld & portable
device)

– 2)J2SE- Standard edition (for PC development)

– 3)J2EE- Enterprise edition (Distributed & enterprise

computing)
 VERSIONS of Java-SE

• JDK 1.0 (jan 21, 1996)

• JDK 1.1 (feb 19, 1997)
• J2SE 1.2 (dec 8, 1998)
• J2SE 1.3 (may 8, 2000)
• J2SE 1.4 (feb 6, 2002)
• J2SE 5.0 (sep 30, 2004)
• Java SE 6 (dec 11, 2006)
• Java SE 7 (jul 28, 2011)
• Java SE 8 (mar 18, 2014)
 Data Types in java
• Every variable declared in a Java program is having the data type.
• Data type specifies the size and type of values that a variable can
hold.
 Data Types in java
Data Type Characteristics Size in Bytes Range

byte 8 bit signed 1 byte -128 to 127

integer
short 16 bit signed 2 byte -32768 to 32767
integer
int 32 bit signed 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to
integer 2,147,483,647
long 64 bit signed 8 byte -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to-
integer 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 32 bit floating 4 byte + 1.4E-45 to
point number + 3.4028235E+38
double 64 bit floating 8 byte + 4.9E-324 to
point number + 1.7976931348623157E+308
boolean true or false 1 bit NA

char 16 bit, Unicode 2 byte Any symbol, digit etc.

 Variables in java
• A variable is an identifier (entity) that denotes a
storage location used to store the data value.
• Syntax:
– <datatype> <name_of_variable>;
– Eg: int no1;
– To assign a value to the variable…..
– <datatype> <name_of_variable>=<value>;
– Eg: int no1=133330; char c=‘A’String name=“ABC”
– Float pi=3.14f byte a=12;
 Standard Output
• To print to standard output use
System.out.print( “expression “); // no newline
System.out.println( expression ); // newline

System.out.println( ); // just a newline

Class object method
Of language package

System.out.println( "x is: " + x + " y is: " + y );

 Procedure to run 1st program
1) Write your First program in NOTEPAD(or any text
editor).
2) Save the file using <filename.java> in java\bin folder.
{NOTE: filename must be name of class in program}
3) Open command prompt and call the directory
C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin
4) Compilation: compile program using
<javac filename.java>
5) Execution: After successful compilation run the
program using <java filename>
 The Simplest Java Application: Hello,World!

import java.lang.*;identifier // default language package optional

class HelloWorld
{ main() is the first method that is run.
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
}
public: access specifies
static: method belongs to only current class, no need to
create object to access main()
void: does not return any value
String args[]: array of object(args[]) of class String
Structure of Java Program
 Standard Input
import java.util.*; // utility package
import java.lang.*; // by default (optional…..)
class Addition
{
public static void main(String args[])
{ Object name Constructor
int x,y,z;
System.out.println("Please Enter the two no.");
Class in util
package
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
x=s.nextInt();
Method
y=s.nextInt(); in util
package
z=x+y;
System.out.print("Addition is=" +z); } }
 Standard Input
• Methods of Scanner Class:
1) nextInt():- For Integer Value.
2) nextFloat():- For Floating point value.
3) nextDouble():- For Double value.
4) next() & nextLine():- for String Value etc.

Note: Class name should start with Capital Letter

eg: class Addition, class Stud123 etc….
Method(function) name should start with small letter.
eg: println(), nextInt(). Etc…
 Alternative-1 Input
• To read the data from console at runtime
import java.io.*; // io package
import java.lang.*; // by default (optional…..)
class Addition
compulsory
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{ Object
name
int x;
float y,z;
Class in io System.out.println("Please Enter the two no.");
package
DataInputStream d=new DataInputStream(System.in);
Method
x=Integer.parseInt(d.readLine()); in io
package
y=Float.parseFloat(d.readLine());
z=x+y;
System.out.print("Addition is=" +z);
 Alternative-1 Input
• Methods of DataInputStream Class:
1) readInt():- For Integer Value.
2) readFloat():- For Floating point value.
3) readDouble():- For Double value.
4) readLine():- for String Value.
 Alternative-2 Input
• To read the data from console at runtime
import java.io.*; // io package
import java.lang.*; // by default (optional…..)
class Addition
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{ Object
name
System.out.println("Please Enter the two no.");
BufferedReader b=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int x=Integer.parseInt(b.readLine());
Class in io
package int y=Integer.parseInt(b.readLine()); Method
int z=x+y; in io
package
System.out.print("Addition is=" +z);
} }
 JAVA TOKEN
• A smallest individual element in a program is called as
token
• Java is collection of tokens, comments, separator, &
white space.
• Java includes five different types of tokens.
1. Identifiers
2. Keywords
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Separators
 JAVA TOKEN
1. Identifier: Identifier are the name used for variables,
classes, methods, objects, labels, packages and
interfaces in a program.
• Name of all public methods and instance variables start
with a lowercase letter.
Eg: total, sum, display etc.
• When the name contains more than one word, the
second and subsequent words are marked with leading
uppercase characters.
Ex: findAverage isLeapYear grandTotal
• All private and local variables use only lowercase letters
combined with underscores.
 JAVA TOKEN
• All class and interface names starts with an uppercase
letter and each subsequent letter of the word with
uppercase letter.
Ex: HelloJava, FirstClass, Example1 etc.
• Variables that represent constant values use all
uppercase letters and underscores between words.
Ex: MAX_MARKS, VALUE_OF_PI, GRADE etc.
 JAVA TOKEN
2. Keywords: Keywords are essential part of language
definition. Keyword used with operator or separator
according to the syntax.
• 50+ Keyword available in JAVA
 JAVA TOKEN
3. Literals: Literals are the sequence of characters (i.e.
digits, letters and symbols) that represent constant values
to be stored in variables.
• Java specifies five major types of literals.
i. Integer literals : int a=10;
ii. Real literals :double pi=3.14;
iii. Character literals :char ch=‘a’;
iv. String literals : String str=“hello”;
v. Boolean literals :boolean value=true;
 JAVA TOKEN
4. Operators: An operator are the symbols that perform
certain task on operands.
List of Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Assignment Operators
3. Increment / Decrement Operators
4. Relational Operators
5. Logical Operators
6. Conditional Operators
7. Special Operators
8. Bitwise Operator
 JAVA TOKEN
1. Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic operators are used
for basic arithmetic operation.
Consider: a=10 & b=3
Operator Meaning Example Output
+ Addition a+b

- Subtraction a-b

* Multiplication a*a

/ Division a/b
% Modulus a%b
 JAVA TOKEN
2. Assignment Operators: Assignment operators are used
to assign the value to the variable.
Consider A=5;
Operator Example Output
= A=5 5
+= A+=5
-= A-=3
*= A*=3
/= A/=2
%= A%=3
 JAVA TOKEN
3. Increment / Decrement Operators: These operators are
used to increase & decrease the value by 1.
Consider A=5
Operator Meaning Example Output

++ Increment by 1 A++

-- Decrement by 1 A--

Two types of Increment & Decrement Operators:

• Pre Increment/Decrement & Post Increment/Decrement:
 JAVA TOKEN
Consider a=6 & b=0;

Pre Increment Post Increment

Firstly Input value is Firstly value of input
incremented by 1 and variable is assign to
then assign input the output variable, &
value to output then value of input
variable variable is
Ie: Both side value will be incremented by 1
increment by 1 Ie: Only input variable is
increment by 1

E.g. b=++a E.g. b=a++

b= a= b= a=
 JAVA TOKEN
Consider a=6 & b=0;

Pre Decrement Post Decrement

Firstly Input value is Firstly value of input
decremented by 1 and variable is assign to the
then assign input value output variable, & then
to output variable value of input variable
Ie: Both side value will be is decremented by 1
decrement by 1 Ie: Only input variable is
decrement by 1

E.g. b=--a E.g. b=a--

b= a= b= a=
 JAVA TOKEN
4. Relational Operators : When we want to compare values
of two variables for various means, relational operators are
used. Consider: Let A=4, b=5,c=2
Operator Meaning Example Output

> Greater than A>c True

< Less than A<b

>= Greater than equal to A>=c
<= Less than equal to A<=c
== Equal to b==c
!= Not equal to A!=c
 JAVA TOKEN
5. Logical Operators :There are only three logical operators
which are related with the logical decisions.
Consider: Let A=2, b=5,c=7
Operator Meaning Example Output

&& AND (A>c) &&

(1,1=1 o/w 0) (A<b) False

|| OR (A>c) ||
(0,0=0 o/w 1) (A<b)

! NOT !(A<=c)
(1=0 / 0=1)
 JAVA TOKEN
6. Conditional Operators : also called as Ternary operator,
used to check wheatear the condition is true or false

Syntax
Variable_name=Condition ? Expreesion1 : Expression2;

Condition
Expression 1 true (1)-> Expression 1
Expression 2 False (0)-> Expression 2

int a=10;
int b= (5>3)?(a+10):(a-5); o/p= 20
 JAVA TOKEN
7. Special Operators: Java supports two special operators.
That is, instanceof and dot operator (.).
a) Instanceof operator: It returns true if the object on the
left-hand side is an instance of the class given on the right-
hand side.
For example: maharashtra instanceof India
returns true if the object ‘maharashtra’ is the object of class ‘India’.
Otherwise it will return false.
b) Dot Operator (.): It is used to access the instance
variable and methods of the class using objects.
Ex: company.salary(); //reference to method salary
company.employee; //reference to variable employee
 JAVA TOKEN
8. Bitwise Operator: In order to manipulate the data at the
bit level, the bitwise operators are provided in Java
Consider: A=12 (1100) & b=5 ( ? )

Operator Meaning Example Output

& AND (11=1 o/w 0) A&b 4
| OR (00=0, o/w 1) A!b
~ Negation (1->0, 0->1) ~b
^ Ex-or (01,10=1 o/w 0) A^b
>>, >>> Right Shift by 1 A>>1
<< Left Shift by 1 b<<1
 JAVA TOKEN
5. Separator: These are the symbols which are used to
indicate where groups of codes are separated and
arranged
 Constant
• Constants are the values which do not change during the
execution of program.
– final keyword used to declare constant value
– Eg: final int a=12;

final int=12; Final float=3.14; final char a=‘A’; final char a=“Hello”;
 Constant
Escape Constant

Escape Meaning

\n New Line

\t Horizontal Tab

\b Back space

\’ Single Quote

\” Double Quote

\\ Back slash
 To read string & Char.
• Syntax
DataInputStream d=new DataInputStream(System.in);
– String str=d.readLine(); // for string
– char ch= (char) System.in.read(); // for character

– Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in)

– String str=s.nextLine();
 Scope of variable
• Scope determines the visibility of program elements with
respect to other program elements
• Three type of Visibility….
1) Instance variable
2) Class variable
3) local variable
The instance & class variables are declared inside the class.
They are created when the objects of the class are created and
therefore they are associated with the objects.
Variables declared & used inside a method are called as
local variables.
Scope of variable
 Type Casting
• The process of converting one data type into another is
called as CASTING.
– Syntax: <datatype> <varibale1> = <datatype> <varibale2>;
-Eg: byte X=50;
int Y= (int) X;
long Z= (long) Y;
 Auto Type conversation
• The process of assigning a Smaller value to Larger one is
known as Widening or promotion.
– No loss of Information may cause.
• The process of assigning a Larger value to Smaller one is
known as Narrowing or demotion.
– Loss of Information may cause.
• Eg1: byte b=75;
int a=b;
– (int is large to hold byte value so no loss happen)
• Eg2: int b=75;
short a=b;
– (short is small to hold int value so loss happen)
 Math function
Function Meaning Example
abs(a) Return absolute value of a a=-55 -> a=55.00

ceil(a) Return Largest whole no >or = to a A=12.60 -> 13.00

{ie: rounded foreword} A=-12.75 -> -12.00
floor(a) Return Smallest whole no < or = to A=12.60 -> 12.00
a {ie: rounded downword} A=-12.75 -> -13.00
round(a) Return integer closest to the a=12.51 -> 13
argument a=12.35 -> 12
pow(a,b) Return a raised to b {ie: ab} a=4,b=2 -> 16.00

sqrt(a) Return a square root of a a=64 -> 8.00

exp(a) Return e raised to a {ie: ea} a=1 -> 2.71

Min(a,b) Return minimum value from a & b a=10,b=12 ->

10.00
Max(a,b) Return maximum value from a & b a=10,b=12 ->
12.00
 Math function

• Java support math function through Math

class defined in java.lang package
• Syntax:
• Math.function_name();

• Exmple:
– double A;
– A=Math.ceil(12.60);

Math is class
found in lang
package
 Decision making and Branching

• if

• if-else

• nested if-else

• ladder if-else

• Switch case
 If Statement
Syntax:

if (Condition)
{
// Statements for true;
}
//Statements for true/false;
If Statement
 If-else Statement
Syntax:

if (Condition)
{
// Statements for true;
}
else
{
// Statements for false;
}
// Statements for true/false;
If-else Statement
Nested if-else Statement
Syntax:
if (Condition1)
{
// Statements for true;
if(condition2)
{
// Statements for true;
}
}
else
{
// Statements for false;
if(condition3)
{
// Statements for true;
}
}
// Statements for true/false;
 Ladder if-else Statement
Syntax:
if (Condition1)
{
// condition 1 true
}
else
if(condition 2)
{
//condition one false & condition is 2 true
}
else
if(condition 3)
{
// cond. 1, 2 is false & cond. 3 is true
}
:
:
else
{
//all condition false
}
 Switch case
• Menu Driven Program base on user choice

• Syntax
Value may be
switch (Value/Expression) Integer / character / String/symbol
{
case value1:
//true statements
break;
case value2:
//true statements
break;
:
:
case value n:
//true statements
break;
default :
//statements

}
Switch case
 Decision making and
looping
• while

• do-while

• for
 While loop
Initialization;
while(condition)
{
// statement true

Increment/decrement operator;

}
While loop
 Do-While loop
Initialization;
do
{
// statement
Increment/decrement operator;

} while(condition);
Do-While loop
 For loop

• syntax
1 2 4

for (initialization; condition; incre/decre)

{ 3
true

//Statements for true; false

}
// Statements for false
For loop
 Forms of FOR LOOP
 More than one initialization
 for ( x=10,y=0; y<10; y++ )
 Inside scope of variable
for (int x=0; x<=10; x++)
 More than one condition
 for (int x=10,y=0; y<10 && x>0; y++ )
 More than one incre/decre
 for ( x=10, y=0; y<10; x--, y++)
 Only condition
 for ( ; y<10 ; ) // initialization above for loop & incre/decre inside body
 Empty for loop
 for( ; ; ) // initialization above for loop & incre/decre inside body
 Loop will Run infinitely…..
 Jump statement
• Sometimes while executing the loop it is
necessary to skip some part of the loop or exit
from the loop when certain conditions are met.
In these cases the jump statements are used.
Two types of jump statements:
 break

 continue
 break statement
• break : It is used to jump out of the loop when
this statement is encountered inside the loop.
• Generally, the ‘break’ statement is associated
with an ‘if’ statement. That is, when the condition
is satisfied, the jump will occur.
• break statement directly get exited from the
current loop without considering the condition.
• Example:
 break statement

OUTPUT: 10 11 12 13 14 15 Loop completed…

 Break (go to) statement
Using break as a form of goto
 continue statement
• Continue: When we want to continue the next
iteration of the loop by skipping some part inside
it, the ‘continue’ statement can be used.
• Continues doesn’t directly get terminate the
current loop.
• The control get at next iteration by skipping the
false condition
 continue statement

OUTPUT: 1 3 5 7 9
END OF CHAPTER 1

GENERAL TEST ON CHAPTER 1

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