Electronics (1)

Dr. Ali Mohamed Gaballa

ENE 2204 Electronics (1) Course Description

 Course Books
o Text Books
• Thomas L. Floyd. Electronic Devices (2012), Ninth edition.
• Robert L. Boylestad Louis Nashelsky Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
(2013) Eleventh Edition.
• Thomas L.Floyd, “Electronic devices” Conventional current version, Pearson
prentice hall, 10th Edition, 2017.
o References Books :
• R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock, “Microelectronic Circuit Design”, McGraw-Hill
Education, New York 2003.
• Giorgio Rizzoni, “Electrical Engineering and Electronics”, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 2009.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
 ENE 3106 Electronics (2) Course Description
 Assessment Methods:
Weight Week Course Assessment N
10% 3,6,9 Quizzes 1
20% 7,8 Midterm Exam 2
5% 2,4, 10 Assignments 3
5% 12 Lab Exam 4
5% 12 Oral Exam 5
5% 12 Individual Project 6
50% 14,15 Final Exam 7

 Teaching staff

Lecturer Dr. Ali Mohamed Gaballa

Teaching Assistant Eng. Dina Sabry

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ENE 2204 Electronics (1) Course Description

 Course Syllabus
 ENE 2101 Electric Circuits (1)
o Review of semiconductor electronics,
o Review of P - N Junction,
o Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT),
o The Field Effect Transistor (FET),
o The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET),
o The Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET),
o Depletion MOSFET,
o Enhancement MOSFET,
o Introduction to photonic devices.

ENE 2101 ENE 2204 ENE 3106

Electric Circuits (1) Electronics (1) Electronics (2)

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
ENE 2204 Electronics (1) Course Description

 Course Materials
o Review of semiconductor electronics,
o Review of P - N Junction,
o Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT),
o The Field Effect Transistor (FET),
o The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET),
o The Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET),
o Depletion MOSFET,
o Enhancement MOSFET,
o Introduction to photonic devices.
 Course Outlines

Introduction to Electronics Chapter (1)

Diodes and Applications Chapter (2)
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Chapter (3)
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Chapter (4)
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) Chapter (5)

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
 ENE 3106 Electronics (1) Course Description

 Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are to:
o Be aware with electrical characteristics of ideal and practical diodes under
forward and reverse bias to analyze and design diode application circuits such
as rectifiers and voltage regulators.
o Introduce general single amplifier concepts.
o Enable students to analyze and design single transistor amplifiers for analog
applications.
 Learning Outcomes:
After completion of the course students are expected to:
o Analyze single and multistage BJT amplifier circuits with respect to various
parameters such as dc biasing and Q-point stability, small-signal gains, input
impedance, output impedance and loading effects.
o Derive expressions relating amplifier parameters based on various small-signal
transistor models.
o Design single amplifiers that satisfy certain specifications.
o Analyze basic JFET amplifiers.

Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa 6

 ENE 3106 Electronics (1) Course Description
 Course Contents
Topics Week
Introduction to Electronics. 1
Diodes and Applications. 2
Diodes and Applications. 3
Diodes and Applications. 4
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 5
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 6
Mid-Term exam (23/3):(2/4)/2024 7-8
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 9
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 10
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) 11
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) 12
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) 13
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) 14
Final exam (24/5:13/6)/2024 15-16-17
Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa 7
ENE 2204 Electronics (1) Course Description

 Course Materials

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
ENE 2204 Electronics (1) Course Description

 Build your Electronic Lab

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
ENE 2204 Electronics (1) Course Description

 Project : Basic DC Power Supply

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

 Course Materials
 Review of semiconductor electronics,
o Review of P - N Junction,
o Bipolar junction transistor (BJT),
o The field effect transistor (FET),
o The junction field effect transistor (JFET),
o The Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET),
o Depletion MOSFET,
o Enhancement MOSFET,
o Introduction to photonic devices.

Introduction to Electronics Chapter (1)

Diodes and Applications Chapter (2)
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Chapter (3)
The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Chapter (4)
The Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET Chapter (5)
(MOSFET)
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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

 Definition:
o Electrical elements refer to:
Resistor (R), Capacitor (C), Inductor (L), Transformer, Voltage Source and
Curent Source.),

 , ,

 KCL :
 KVL :
 Thevenin’s Theorem
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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

 Definition:
o Electronic elements refer to:
Diode, Transistors, FET, MOSFET Thyristors, Opto-isolators, Operational
Amplifiers, Power Electronics,
 Semiconductor diode notation

 Zener terminal identification and symbols.

 LED.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

 Definition:
o Electronic elements refer to:
Diode, Transistors, FET, MOSFET Thyristors, Opto-isolators, Operational
Amplifiers, Power Electronics,
 Transistor terminal identification.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

 Definition:
o Electronic elements refer to:
Diode, Transistors, FET, MOSFET Thyristors, Opto-isolators, Operational
Amplifiers, Power Electronics,
 MOSFET terminal identification.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Course Description
 Why Semiconductors?
o Semiconductors: They are here, there, everywhere and in anything “intelligent”

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Semiconductor devices are widely used

 Why Semiconductors?
o Semiconductors: They are here, there, everywhere and in anything “intelligent”

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

 Why Semiconductors?
o Semiconductors: They are here, there, everywhere and in anything “intelligent”

Computers, Laptops Silicon (Si) MOSFETs, ICs, CMOS

Cell phones Si ICs, GaAs FETs, BJTs

CD players AlGaAs and InGaP laser diodes, Si photodiodes

TV Remotes Light emitting diodes (LEDs

Satellite Dishes InGaAs MMICs (Monolithic Microwave ICs)

Fiber Networks InGaAs P laser diodes, pin photodiodes

Traffic Signals GaN LEDs (green, blue) InGaAsP LEDs (red)

Air Bag Si MEMs, Si ICs 20
Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?

 The Atom
o Atomic weight = no. of protons + no. of neutrons.
o Atomic number = no. of protons or electrons in an atom.
o The Maximum Number of Electrons in Each Shell .
o Valence Electrons.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?

 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?

 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

The lowest energy band with electrons not tied to the atom Conduction band
Is the energy difference between the top of valance band Band-Gap
and the bottom of conduction band
The highest energy band with electrons tied to the atom Valance band
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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?

 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

(1) Insulators
o These are materials that do not allow current to pass through.
o They have 5 to 8 electrons in outermost shell.
o They have a structure that has covalent bonding that results in no free electrons
that allow conduction of an electric current.
o Insulators have a very large energy gap between the conduction band and the
valence band.

o Insulator material includes glass, rubber, and plastic

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?
 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
(2) Conductors
o These are materials that allow current to pass through.
o They have 1-3 electrons in outermost shell.
o Have metallic bond
o Have free electrons.
o Have low resistance.
o The conduction band and valence band overlap and are very
small.
o Resistance increases with increase in temperature.

o Examples of conductors are all metals (copper and gold).

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?

 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

(3) Semiconductor
o These are materials that have poor conductivity at low temperatures and
good conductivity at high temperatures.
o A semiconductor is neither a conductor or insulator.
o Semiconductor material includes carbon, silicon, and germanium.
o These materials are be used in the manufacturer of diodes, transistors, and
integrated circuit chips.
o Characteristics of Semiconductors
• They have 4 electrons in outermost shell / band
• Their atomic structure has covalent bonds
• They have a moderate number of free electrons

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?

 Classification of solids on the basis of conductivity

o Conductors: allow electric current to flow through them .
o Insulators: do not allow electric current to flow through them
o Semiconductors: materials whose conductivity lies in between that of Conductors
(copper) and insulators (glass).

 Semiconductors are a special class of elements having a conductivity between that of a

good conductor and that of an insulator.
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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What are a Semiconductors?

 A “semiconductor” is a material whose characteristic of electrical conductivity is

between those of a “conductor”, such as a metal, which conducts electricity well, and
an “insulator”, which does not conduct electricity.
 The resistivity, index of conductivity, ranges in conductors, in insulators, and in
semiconductors

𝑹=𝝆 𝑳/ 𝑨=𝑳/𝝈 𝑨 𝑰 =𝑽 / 𝑹

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Types of Semiconductors

 Semiconductor may be classified as under:

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Semiconductor Materials

 Semiconductor may be classified as under:

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Semiconductor Materials

 Comparison of Silicon & Germanium

𝐍𝐞 =𝟐 𝐧𝟐

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Semiconductor Materials

 Covalent Bonding
o Covalent bonding is a bonding of two or more atoms by the interaction of their valence
electrons.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Semiconductor Materials

 Covalent Bonding
o Certain atoms will combine in this way to form a crystal structure. Silicon and
Germanium atoms combine in this way in their intrinsic or pure state.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Types of Semiconductors

 Semiconductor may be classified as under:

Intrinsic or Pure
Semiconductors
Semiconductors

N-type
Extrinsic or Impure
Semiconductors
P-type

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics N-type Semiconductor

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics N-type Semiconductor

o The process of creating N and P type materials is called doping.

o Other atoms with 5 electrons such as Phosphorus are added to Silicon to increase the
free electrons.
o Pentavalent impurity atom in a silicon crystal structure. An Phosphorus (P) impurity
atom is shown in the center. The extra electron from the P atom becomes a free
electron.

 This type of silicon is called n-type

 This is because the majority charge
carriers are negative electrons
 A small number of minority charge
carriers – holes – will exist due to
electrons-hole pairs being created
in the silicon atoms due to heat
 The silicon is still electrically
neutral as the number of protons is
equal to the number of electrons

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics P-type Semiconductor

o Difference between electrons and holes : holes unlike an electron which has a negative
charge, holes have a positive charge that is equal in magnitude but opposite in
polarity to the charge an electron has.
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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics P-type Semiconductor

o The process of creating N and P type materials is called doping

o Other atoms with 3 electrons such as Boron are added to Silicon to create a
deficiency of electrons or hole charges.
o Trivalent impurity atom in a silicon crystal structure. A boron (B) impurity
atom is shown in the center.

 This type of silicon is called p-type

 This is because the majority charge
carriers are positive holes
 A small number of minority charge
carriers – electrons – will exist due to
electrons-hole pairs being created in
the silicon atoms due to heat
 The silicon is still electrically neutral as
the number of protons is equal to the
number of electrons

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics

P-type material N-type material

o Semiconductor material doped with o Semiconductor material doped with
acceptors. donors
o Material has high hole concentration o Material has high concentration of free
electrons.
o Concentration of free electrons in p- o Concentration of holes in n-type
type material is very low. material is very low.
o Contains negatively charged acceptors o Contains positively charged donors
(immovable) and positively charged (immovable) and negatively charged
holes (free). free electrons.
o Total charge = 0 o Total charge = 0

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Current in Semiconductor
 Majority and Minority Carriers

o Majority Carriers : Holes o Majority Carriers : Electrons

o Minority Carriers : Electrons o Minority Carriers : Holes

 Comparison between p-type and n-type semiconductors

P – type N – type
Trivalent impurities are added. Pentavalent impurities are added.
Majority carriers are holes. Majority carriers are electrons.
Minority Carriers are electrons. Minority Carriers are holes.
Fermi level is near the valence band. Fermi level is near the conduction band.
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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Current in Semiconductor
 Current in conductor and SC

SC: Electrons &Holes

Metal: Electrons

𝒅𝑸 𝒅( 𝑵 𝒆) Majority Carriers
𝒊= =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Minority Carriers
 Electron versus Hole Flow

𝒅𝑸 𝒅( 𝑵 𝒆 𝒆)
𝒊= =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics Current in Semiconductor

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What is a PN junction?

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics ?What is a PN junction
 The basic silicon structure at the instant of junction formation showing only the majority and
minority carriers. Free electrons in the n region near the pn junction begin to diffuse across
the junction and fall into holes near the junction in the p region.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What is a PN junction?
 For every electron that diffuses across the junction and combines with a hole, a positive
charge is left in the n region and a negative charge is created in the p region, forming a
barrier potential. This action continues until the voltage of the barrier repels further
diffusion. The blue arrows between the positive and negative charges in the depletion region
represent the electric field.

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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa
Chapter (1) Introduction to Electronics What is a PN junction?
 Energy Diagrams of the PN Junction and Depletion Region

o Energy diagrams illustrating the formation of the pn junction and depletion region.
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Electronics (1) Dr. Ali M. Gaballa