MATRICES

MATRICES
MATRICES

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX,
SYMMETRIC,
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRICES
MATRICES
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

If is a matrix of orderthen the matrix obtained

A=[aij] m×n,
by interchanging the rows ofinto columnsis called the
A
transpose of A
Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A' or AT
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i.e., if A= then AT=[a'ji]nxm where
Thatmeans
That meanswrite
writeSecond
first
[aij]mxn, a'third
ji=aij
e.g row as first
row as second column
column
third column
.
3 2
3 4 0
A= 4 1 then A = 2 1
T

√
0 7 √ 7
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3 2 way we That
That means
means write
In other
1 Athen write
the first
second
4 find
A= can T
? column
columnas as
first
√
0 7
row row
second

3 4 0
A=T
2 1 √7
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PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF MATRICES
 If A is any matrix, then (AT)=
T
A
 If A and B are two matrices of same type, then
(A+B)T=AT+
AB and B are
T
 If two matrices for which
conformability for multiplication is assured, then
(AB)T=BTAT

 If A is any matrix and k is any complex number

then (kA)T=kA
T
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SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix ‘A’ is said
If we observeIftheto
If be
we observe
we observe the theA T
=A
symmetric
Note: If A is ifa symmetric
positions positions
of element of element
matrix, then
positions of element
the ‘-
(i, does
j)th element
What
of A ‘2’th 1’
‘0’ it mean?
is the samethe (j, i) element of A.
as
1 2 0 a12 a13
A= 2 -3 -1 a23
0 -1 4

a12=a21a21= ,a13= a31=,a23= a32= -1

2 Ina31 a32these
all
So, A is
0 cases
aij=aji
symmetric
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 If A is a square matrix, then A+AT, AAT are
symmetric matrices

 The zero matrix, diagonal matrix and the unit

matrix are symmetric.
 If ‘A’ is symmetric then ‘An’ is also symmetric
nN

 If ‘A’ is symmetric then kA is also symmetric where

‘k’ is a scalar.
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SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetricAT=-A
if
Note
:If A is a skew- symmetric matrix,
the (i, j)th element of
A
is the same as the negative of (j, i)th element of
the A.
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e.g. 0 1 -2 IfIfwe observe
If Here
Diagonal
we
we one
observe
observe
the
the positions
more
elements
positions
Let -1 0 4 the positions
a
are
a a21
important
12, zeros
a 23, a
A= 13, a31
32
2 -4 0 point is
a12= 1 a21= -1 a13= -2 a31= 2

a12=
In-a
all
21 these casesa13= -a31
a23=a4 ij=-a
a32ji = -4

a23= -a32

So, A is skew symmetric

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 The zero matrix is skew-
symmetric.
 If A is a square matrix, then A-AT is a skew-symmetric
matrix.
 If ‘A’ is a skew symmetric then kA is also skew
symmetric where ‘k’ is a scalar.

 If ‘A’ is a skew symmetric

then nN
Symmetric if n is
An = even
Skew symmetric if n is
odd
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 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a
sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric
matrix
 If A is a square matrix whose symmetric matrix is
(A+AT)
 If A is a square matrix whose skew symmetric
matrix
is (A-AT)
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HERMITIAN MATRIX

A square matrix is said to be hermitian if the

transpose of the conjugate
‘A’ matrix ofis
A equal to A.
 If A is hermitian matrix,A* = A
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e.g 2 2+i 4 2 2-i 4
. A= 2-i 3 i ; = Now
2+i Conjugate
3 -i of A is
4 -i 1 4 i 1
2 2+i 4
𝐓
)= =A A*=A
2-i 3 i
4 -i 1
 A is hermitian
matrix
Transpose of
TheConjugate
transposeis of the conjugate
)T] of A by A* or
is denoted
A
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SKEW HERMITIAN MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be skew if A* = -A
‘A’ hermitian
-i 2+i i -2-i
e.g A= -A=
-2+i 0 2-i 0
.
i 2-i
=
-2-i 0
i -2-i
()T= = -A A* = -A
2-i 0
 A is skew hermitian
matrix
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ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be orthogonal
matrix
AA T
= Aif
T
A=
I
e.g
. cos sin cos -sin
A= ; A T=
-sin cos sin cos
cos sin cos -sin
AAT =
-sin cos sin cos
1 0 =I
=
0 1
Similarly, we can prove ATA=I
 AAT=ATA=I
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UNITARY MATRIX
A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be unitary if A*A=
matrix AA*=I
e.g.

1 1 1 1
√ 2√ 2 0 √ 2√ 2 0
A= −ii ;= i −i ;
0 0
√ 2√ 2 √ 2√ 2
0 0 i 0 0 -i
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1 i
√ 2√ 2 0
A*= 1 − i
0
√ 2√ 2
0 0 -i

Here A*A=
AA*=I
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-1 2 3
Let
1. Find x,us seeWhat
if the someis the
matrix 2 5 6 is a symmetric
examples on given 3 x 4 matrix
these concepts
condition?
Solution That is AT = A

-1 2 3 -1 2 3
A 2 5 6 ; AT 2 5 x
= 3 x 4 = 3 6 4
If A is symmetric matrix then
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-1 2 3 -1 2 3
2 5 6 = 2 5 x By equality of matrices
3 x 4 3 6 4

x=6
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MCQS
1) A square matrix is said to be symmetric matrix if___
1) AT=-A

2) AT=A

3) A*=-A

4) A*=A
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MCQS
2) A square matrix is said to be skew symmetric matrix if___
1) AT=-A

2) AT=A

3) A*=-A

4) A*=A
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MCQS
3) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if___
1) AAT=I

2) ATA=I

3) AAT=ATA=I

4) AA*=A*A=I
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MCQS
4) Which of the following is symmetric matrix ?

2 3 4 2 3 4
1) -3 3 5 3) 3 3 5
-4 -5 4 4 -5 4

2 3 4 2 3 4
2) 3 3 5 4) -3 3 5
4 5 4 -4 5 4
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IDEMPOTENT MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be idempotent if
‘A’ matrix A2=A
2 -2 -4 2 -2 -4 2 -2 -4
e.g A= -1 3 4 ; A2= -1 3 4 -1 3 4
.
1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3

If we observe A2, A
4+2-4 -4 -6+8 -8-8+12
Both are same
= -2-3+4 2+9-8 4+12-12
2+2-3 -2-6+6 -4-8+9
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2 -2 -4
= -1 3 4 =A

1 -2 -3

‘A’ is idempotent matrix

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INVOLUTORY MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be involutory matrixif
‘A’ A2=I
e.
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
g.
A= 0 0 1 ; A2= 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 ‘A’ is
= 0 1 0 =I involutory
matrix
0 0 1
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NILPOTENT MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of index
‘A’An=0where ‘n’ is‘n’
if least positive
e.g. integer
0 1
A=
0 0

0 1 0 1 0 0
A2= = =O
0 0 0 0 0 0
A is Nilpotent matrix of index
2
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MCQS
1) A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be idempotent if ____
1) A2 = I

2) An = 0

3) A2=A

4) An = A
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MCQS
2) A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be nilpotent if ____
1) A2 = I

2) An = 0

3) A2=A

4) An = A
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EXERCISE 3.3
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE
PROBLEMS
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1. If A= then find A+AT?
Firstly, we
have to
Solution By adding find AT
correspondin
2 -4 2 -5
Given g elements
then A =
T
-5 3
A= -4 3
2 -4 2 -5
Now = +
A+AT -5 3 -4 3
4 -9
=
-9 6
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4. If A= then find AAT?

Solution
Given A= then AT=

Now AAT = ( 2
−5
−4
3 )(
.
2
−4
−5
3 )
¿
( 4+16
−10−12
−10−12
25+9 ) (¿
20
−22
−22
34 )
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5. If A=, B= then find (ABT)T

Solution For this

First we
-1 0 we need T
B= findT AB
BT = 1 1 B
0 -2

() )
−1 0
2
ABT=−1( 0
1
1
5
1
0
1
−2

( 0+0−2 ¿ −2
)( )
−2+0+0 −2
¿
1+1+0 0+1−10 2 −9
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0 1 4
7. Is -1 0 7 symmetric or skew
-4 -7 0 symmetric Take ‘-’ as
For symmetric common
Solution
0 1 4 or skew
0 -1 -4
symmetric we
Let -1 0 7 AT= 1 0 T -7
A= Thiscalculate
can be writtenA
as
-4 -7 0 4 7 0
That means A =-A
T

0 1 4
= - -1 0 7 = -A
-4 -7 0 A is skew symmetric
matrix
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8. Find x, if the matrix is a symmetric matrix

Solution That is AT = A

If A is symmetric matrix then

Let A= A T=
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 =
By equality
of matrices
What is the
x=6 condition for
symmetric
matrix?
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SHORT ANSWER TYPE PROBLEMS
1) If A= then show that AAT=ATA=I

Solution For this

proof we
Given A= need AT

A T=

Firstly, we
calculate AAT?
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cos 𝛂
AA = −sin 𝛂
T
( sin 𝛂
cos 𝛂 )( cos 𝛂
sin 𝛂
− sin 𝛂
cos 𝛂 ) We know that
cos2+ sin2=1

( )
𝟐 𝟐
cos 𝛂 +sin 𝛂 − cos 𝛂 sin 𝛂 +s in 𝛂 cos 𝛂
¿
− sin 𝛂 cos 𝛂 + cos 𝛂 sin 𝛂 sin𝟐 𝛂 +cos 𝟐 𝛂

¿
( 1
0
0
1 )
=
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If we
cos 𝛂
ATA= sin 𝛂( ()
− sin 𝛂 cos 𝛂
cos 𝛂 −sin 𝛂
sin 𝛂
cos 𝛂 ) We know that
observe
cos + sin
2
ATA
AA
2
T
=1
,

( )
𝟐 𝟐
cos 𝛂 +sin 𝛂 cos 𝛂 sin 𝛂 − s in 𝛂 cos 𝛂
¿
sin 𝛂 cos 𝛂 − cos 𝛂 sin 𝛂 sin𝟐 𝛂 +cos 𝟐 𝛂

¿
( 1
0
0
1 )
=

AAT=ATA=I
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Thank
you…