STRUCTURAL
THEORY 2
CE132P-5
WEEK 2: INTRODUCTION TO STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Structural Theory
A fundamental branch of civil engineering that
deals with the analysis and behavior of
structures under various loads and environmental
conditions. It involves understanding the interactions
between forces and the materials used. The primary
goal of structural theory is to ensure that structures
are safe, efficient, and capable of withstanding
applied loads without failure.
At the core of structural analysis are two key
concepts: determinacy and stability. These
concepts are essential for assessing the behavior of a
structure under loads and ensuring its reliability.
1. DETERMINACY
The determinacy of a structure refers to whether
the unknown forces in a structure can be determined
using the equations of equilibrium:
Statically determinate
A structure is determinate if the unknown forces can be
determined using only the equations of equilibrium.
Statically indeterminate
A structure is indeterminate if the unknown forces
cannot be determined using only the equations of
equilibrium.
2. STABILITY
Structural stability is a structure's ability to withstand
external forces and remain intact. It's a fundamental
property of a dynamical system, where the structure's
behavior doesn't change even when subjected to small
perturbations.
Stable
A structure is stable when it can resist small perturbations
and maintain its equilibrium position. A stable structure is
resistant to translation and rotation in all directions.
Unstable
A structure is unstable when small perturbations cause
large movements and the structure cannot return to its
original equilibrium position. An unstable structure can
3. DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF BEAMS AND FRAMES
Note: Beams and Frames are flexural members
Determinacy Stability
r = 3m, determinate
stable r < 3m, unstable
r > 3m, indeterminate parallel &
concurrent
degree of indeterminacy r reactions
– 3m
Sample Problem 1: Sample Problem 4:
Sample Problem 2:
Sample Problem 3:
Sample Problem 5: Sample Problem 7:
Sample Problem 6: Sample Problem 8:
Sample Sample Sample
Problem 9: Problem 10: Problem 11:
Sample Problem 12: Sample Problem 14:
Sample Problem 15:
Sample Problem 13:
4. DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF TRUSSES
Note: Trusses are axial members
Determinacy Stability
Plane (2D): Plane (2D):
m+r = 2j, determinate
stable m+r < 2j, unstable
m+r > 2j, indeterminate parallel, concurrent &
degree of indeterminacy collapsible mechanism
m+r – 2j
Space (3D): Space (3D):
m+r = 3j, determinate
stable m+r < 3j, unstable
m+r > 3j, indeterminate parallel, concurrent &
degree of indeterminacy collapsible mechanism
Sample Problem 16: Sample Problem 18:
Sample Problem 17: Sample Problem 19:
Sample Problem 20: Sample Problem 22:
Sample Problem 21:
5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Structural Theory 2 (CE132P-5) is all about
Indeterminate Structures
Most structures designed are statically indeterminate.
For a given loading, the stress and deflection of an
indeterminate structure are generally smaller
than those of its statically determinate counterpart.
Statically indeterminate structure has a tendency to
redistribute its load to its redundant supports in cases where
faulty design or overloading occurs. In these cases, the
structure maintains its stability and collapse is prevented.
Although a statically indeterminate structure can support
a loading with thinner members and with increased
stability compared to a statically determinate one, there
are cases when these advantages may instead become
disadvantages.
The cost savings in material must be compared with the
added cost necessary to fabricate the structure and
construct its supports and joints.
And the load path e.g. torsion, etc
6. ANALYSIS METHODS OF INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
When analyzing any statically indeterminate structure, it
is necessary to satisfy the equilibrium, compatibility,
and force-displacement requirements for the structure.
Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the
structure at rest.
Compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of
the structure fit together without intentional breaks or
overlaps.
Force-displacement requirements depend upon the way
the structure’s material responds to loads (linear elastic
response).
Two different ways to satisfy these three
requirements. They are the force or flexibility
method and the displacement or stiffness
method.
ASSESSMENT TASKS:
1. Classwork/ Homework 1
- Give 10 sample problems related on the topic. It
must be handwritten in short bond paper. Submit in
Blackboard
- Deadline on Monday
2. Project Progress 1
- Prepare and print a 2-storey structural plan,
structural elevation, and architectural perspective.
Submit the hard copy.
- Deadline on Monday
3. Coursera
- Take assessment 1 and submit the certificate with
score in Blackboard.
