GEC-1

ENGR. MARK ANTHONY B. CENAS

INSTRUCTOR
 Mathematics is a useful way to think about nature and
or world. The nature of mathematics underscores the
CHAPTER 1 exploration of patterns (in nature and environment).
Mathematics exist everywhere and it is applied in the
most useful phenomenon.

The Nature The origin of mathematics can be traced to the history

and significance of patterns and numbers. It deals with
of ideas translated to objects and concepts created by
humans.
Mathematic Mathematics is an integral part of daily life; formal and
s informal. It is used in technology, business, medicine,
natural and data sciences, machine learning and
construction.
  Patterns in Nature and the Regularities in the
World
MATHEMATICS - Patterns and counting are correlative. Counting
happens when there is pattern. When there is
IN OUR counting, there is logic. Consequently, pattern in
WORLD nature goes with logic or logical set-up.
- Patterns can be sequential, spatial, temporal, and
even linguistic.
 Symmetry - means agreement in dimensions, due
proportion and arrangement. In mathematics,
“symmetry” means that an object is invariant to any of
various transformations including reflection, rotation or
scaling.
Spiral – is a curve which emanates from a point,
Examples of moving farther away as it revolves around the point.
Patterns in Meander – is one of a series of regular sinuous curves,
Nature bends, loops, turns or windings in channel of river,
stream, or other watercourse.
Wave – is a disturbance that transfers energy through
matter or space, with little or no associated mass
transport. Waves consist of oscillations or vibration of a
physical medium or a field, around relatively fixed
locations. Surface waves in water show water ripples.
 Foam – is a substance formed by trapping pockets of
gas in a liquid or solid.
Tessellation – a flat surface is the tilling of a plane using
one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no
overlaps and no gaps. In mathematics. Tessellation can
be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of
geometries.
Examples of
Fracture or crack – is the separation of an object or
Patterns in material into two or more pieces under the action of
Nature stress.
Fractal – is a never-ending pattern. Fractals are
infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across
different scales. They are created y repeating a simple
process over and over in an ongoing feedback loop.
Stripes – are made by a series of bands or strips, often
same width and color along the length.
Examples of
Affine Transformations – these are the processes of
Patterns in rotation, reflection an scaling.
Nature
  Another one in this world that involves pattern is the
Fibonacci numbers. These numbers are nature’s
numbering system. They appear everywhere in
nature, from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the
pattern of the florets of a flower, the bracts of a
pinecone, or the scales of a pineapple.
 In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers are the
numbers in the following integer sequence, called the
Fibonacci sequence, and characterized by the fact
that every number after the first two is the sum of the
Fibonacci two preceding ones:
Sequence Ex. 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,…
The sequence Fn of Fibonacci numbers is defined by
the recurrence relation:
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 with seed values
Ex. The first 6 Fibonacci numbers Fn for n = 0,1,2,…,6

F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
0 1 1 2 3 5 8
 Seed heads – the head of a flower is also subject to
Fibonaccian processes. Typical, sees are produced at
the center, and then migrate towards the outside to fill
all the space. Sunflowers provide a great example of
these spiraling patterns.
Pine cones – similarly, the seen pods on a pinecone
Samples of are arranged in a spiral pattern. Each cone consist of a
pair of spirals, each one spiraling upwards in opposing
Fibonacci directions.
Process Tree branches – the Fibonacci sequence can also be
seen in the way tree branches form or split. A main
trunk will grow util it produces a branches, which
creates two growth points.
Shells
Spiral Galaxies and Hurricane
 1. Restaurant Tipping
2. Netflix film viewing
3. Calculating bills
4. Computing test scores
Importance of 5. Tracking career
Mathematics in
6. Doing exercise
Life
7. Handling money
8. Making countdowns
9. Baking and cooking
10. Surfing internet
 1. Patterns and relationship
2. Mathematics, Science and Technology
Nature of 3. Mathematical Inquiry
Mathematics 4. Abstraction and Symbolic Representation
5. Manipulating Mathematical Statements
6. Application
 1. Mathematical in Physical Sciences
2. Mathematics in Chemistry
3. Mathematics in Biological Sciences
4. Mathematics in Engineering and Technology
5. Mathematics and Agriculture
The Role of
6. Mathematics and Economics
Mathematics in
7. Mathematics and Psychology
Some
Disciplines 8. Mathematics and Actuarial Science, Insurance and
Finance
9. Mathematical and Logic
10. Mathematics in Music
11. Mathematics in Arts
12. Mathematics in Philosophy
 13. Mathematics in Philosophy
14. Mathematics in Social Network
The Role of 15. Mathematics in Political Science
Mathematics in 16. Mathematics in Linguistics
Some
17. Mathematics in Management
Disciplines
18. Mathematics in Computers
19. Mathematics n Geography
  Accountants – assist businesses by working on their
taxes and planning for upcoming years. They work
with tax codes and forms, use formulas for calculating
interest, and spend a considerable amount of energy
organizing paperwork.
 Agriculturists – determine the proper amounts of
Appreciating fertilizers, pesticides, pesticides, and water to
produce bountiful amounts of foods. They must be
Mathematics as familiar with chemistry ad mixture problems.
a Human  Architects – design buildings for structural integrity
Endeavor and beauty. They must know how to calculate loads
for finding acceptable materials in design which
involve calculus.
 Biologist – study nature to act in concert with it since
we are very closely tied to nature. They use
proportions to count animals as well as use
statics/probability.
  Chemist – find ways to use chemicals to assist people
in purifying water, dealing with waste management,
researching superconductors, analyzing crime scenes,
making food products and in working with biologist to
study the human body.
 Computer Programmers – create complicated sets of
instructions called program/software to help us use
Appreciating computers to solve problems. They must have a
Mathematics as strong sense of logic and have critical thinking and
problem solving skills.
a Human
 Engineers – build products/structures/system like
Endeavor automobiles, buildings, computers, machines, and
planes, to name just a few example.
 Lawyers – argue cases causing complicated lines of
reason. That skill is nurtured by high level mat
courses. They also spend a lot of time researching
cases, which means learning relevant codes, laws and
ordinances.
  Managers – maintain schedules, regulate worker
performance, and analyze productivity.
 Medical Doctors – must understand the dynamic
system of the human body.
 Meteorologists – forecast the weather for
agriculturists, pilots, vacationers, and those who are
marine-dependent.
Appreciating  Military Personnel – carry out a variety of tasks
Mathematics as ranging from aircraft maintenance to following
a Human detailed procedures.
Endeavor  Nurses – carry out the detailed instructions doctors
given them. They adjust intravenous drip rates, take
vitals, dispense medicine and even assist in
operations.
 Politicians – help solve the social problems of our time
by making complicated decisions within the confines
of the law, public opinion, and (hopefully) budgetary
restraints.
  Salespeople – typically work on commission and
operate under a buy low, sell high profit model. Their
job requires good interpersonal skills and the ability to
estimate basic math problems without the need of
Appreciating paper/pencil.
Mathematics as  Technicians – repair and maintain the technical
a Human gadgets we depend on like computers, televisions,
DVDs, cars, refrigerators. They always read
Endeavor measuring devices, referring to manuals, and
diagnosing system problems.
 Tradesman – estimate job costs and use technical
math skills specific to their field.
  The language of mathematics is the system used
by mathematicians to communicate mathematical
ideas among themselves.
 Mathematics as a language has symbols to express a
formula or to represent a constant. It has syntax to
Chapter 2 make the expression well-formed to make the
Mathematical characters and symbols clear and valid that do not
Language and violate the rules.
Symbols
a. Precise (able to make very fine distinctions)
b. Concise (able to say things briefly)
c. Powerful (able to express complex thoughts with
relative ease)
Mathematical  A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notation,
or usage which is generally agreed upon by
Convention mathematicians.
  In simplifying mathematical expressions, the following order of
operations is one critical point to observe. Order of operations is
the hierarchy of mathematical operations.

BODMAS/PEMDAS

Perform STEP 1. Do as much as you can to simplify everything inside the

parenthesis first.
Operations STEP 2. Simplify every exponential number in the numerical
expression.
on STEP 3. Multiply and divide whichever comes first, from left to
Mathematic right.

al Step 4. Add and subtract whichever comes first, from left to right.

Expressions Ex. Evaluate: (11 – 5) x 2 – 3 + 1

Correctly Solution:
Remove the parenthesis: 6 x 2 – 3 + 1
Multiply: 12 -3 + 1
Subtract: 9 + 1
Add: 10
 1. Evaluate 10 ÷ 2 + 12 ÷ 2 x 3 (PEMDAS)
= (10 ÷ 2) + ( 12 ÷ 2 x 3)
Example =5+2
and =7
Exercises 2. Simplify 4 – 3[4 – 2(6 – 3)] ÷ 2
3. 16 – 3(8 – 3)^2 ÷ 5
 1. Set – is a collection of well-defined objects that
contains no duplicates. The objects in the set are
called the elements of the set.
- to describe asset, we use braces { }, and use
capital letters to represent it.
The Four
Basic Examples.
Concept of 2. The books in the shelves in a library.
Mathematics 3. The bank accounts in a bank.
4. The set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, …}
5. The integer number Z = {… , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,
…}
  The three dots in enumerating the elements of the set
are called ellipsis and indicate a continuing pattern.
Set A finite set contains elements that can be counted
and terminates at certain natural number, otherwise,
it is infinite set.
 The Four
Basic 2. Relation – a relation is a rule that pairs each element
in one set, called the domain, with one or more
Concept of elements from a second set called the range. It create
Mathematic a set of ordered pairs.

s
 Regular Holidays in the Month and Date
Philippines
1. New Year’s Day January 1
Relation 2. Labor Day May 1
3. Independence Day June 12
4. Bonifacio Day November 30
5. Rizal Day December 30
 - A clearer way to express a relation is to form a set of
ordered pairs:
{New Year’s Day, January 1}, {Labor Day, May 1},
{Independence Day, June 12}, {Bonifacio Day,
November 30},
Relation {Rizal Day, December 30}
- ( {2,3}, {4,5}) is not a relation but just a set of
orderedpairs.
- ({1,4}, {2,5}, {3,6}) is a relation. The domain of the
relation is the set {1,2,3} and the range {4,5,6}.
 The Four
Basic 3. Function – is a rule that pairs each element in one
Concept of set, called the domain, with exactly one element from
a second set, called the range.
Mathematic
s
 The Four
Basic 4. Binary function – on a set is a calculation involving
Concept of two elements of the set to produce another element of
the set.
Mathematic
s
CHAPTER 3 Reasoning – mathematics is not just about numbers;
much of it is problem solving and reasoning. Problem
PROBLEM solving and reasoning are basically inseparable. The art
of reasoning is very important in mathematics. This is
SOLVING the skill needed in exemplifying the critical thinking
and problem solving ability. Logic and reasoning are
AND very useful tools in decision making. Reasoning is th e
practice of stating ideas clearly and precisely to arrive
REASONING at aconclusion.
 Intuition – is similar to guessing. It is also called
reasoning by guessing or reasoning by common sense.
It requires less mental activity. An intuition is the ability
to acquire knowledge without proof, evidence, or
Kind of conscious reasoning, or without understanding how the
knowledge was acquired. Intuition is highly subjective.
Reasoning Different people think about problems in different
ways.iti is something that is known or understood
without proof or evidence.
 Analogy – is a form of reasoning in which other
similarities are inferred from a particular similarity
between two things. It is reasoning by comparison.

Kind of Examples:
Reasoning 1. Tree is leaf as flower is to petal.
2. Hammer : nail : comb : hair
3. Finding a Good Man is Like Finding a Needle in a
Haystack. “by: Dusty Springfield”
 Inductive Reasoning – is the process of gathering
Kind of specific information, usually through observation and
measurement and then making a conjecture based on
Reasoning the gathered information.
 Deductive Reasoning – is the process of showing
that certain statements follow logically from agreed
upon assumptions and proven facts.
Examples:
1. Given: 4(3x-8) + 5 = x – 5. Solve the equation for x.
Give reason for each step in the process.

Kind of Solution: 4(3x-8) + 5 =x – 5

Reasoning 12x – 32 + 5 = x -5 Apply distributive property

12x – 27 = x – 5 Combine similar terms
11x – 27 = -5 Apply subtraction property of
equality
11x = 22 Apply addition property of
equality
x =2 Use division propery of equality
 2. Suppose that the given statement is true use
deductive reasoning to give another statement that
must be also true.
All birds can fly.
Tweetie is a bird.
Deductive Solution: Tweetie can fly.

Reasoning
3. Every Filipino of age 18 and above can vote. Juan del
Examples Prado is a Filipino of age 24. Therefore, Juan del Prado
can vote.

Deductive reasoning is used in formal geometric proofs

and often resorted to in proving theorems and
corollaries.
 Euclid - the father of geometry and the first Egyptian
Euclid Mathematician who initiated a new way of thinking the
study of geometry and introduced the mothed of
(325 BCE – 265 proving a geometrical result by deductive reasoning
BCE) based upon previously proved result and some self-
evidence specific assumptions called axioms.
 Conditional – is a statement in mathematics that
consist of a hypothesis and a conclusion. These are
usually written in if-then statements.
Hypothesis – the hypothesis of a conditional
If-then statement that the given facts are assumed as true this
is found in the “if” part of the condition.
Statements Conclusion – the conclusion of a conditional states
and what needs to be proven or established or true. This is
found in the “then” part of conditional.
Converses Converse - a converse of a given conditional is
formed when the “if” and “then” parts are reversed.
Biconditional – a biconditional is a statement the
combines a conditional and its converse with the
phrase “if and only if”
 1. Transform the following conditionals to if-then
statement and point out the hypothesis and
conclusion.
a. A segment has only one point.
b. Two lines intersect at only one point.
c. Vertical angles are congruent.
Solution:
a. If-then form: if a segment is given, the it has only
one midpoint.
Examples Hypothesis: A segment is given.
Conclusion: The segment has only one point.
b. If-then form: If two lines intersect, then they
intersect at only one point.
Hypothesis: Two lines intersect.
Conclusion: The two lines intersect at only one point.
“Try letter C”