shr

Socket
Programming

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 Client-Server Model
Every network application is based on client-server model:
 A Server process (program) and one or more client
processes.
 Server manages some resources or provides some service
by using resources to clients.

1. Client sends request

Client Server
Resourc
e
4. Clientproces 3. Server sends response
proces
handles s s 2. Server
response
handles
request
Clients and Servers are processes running on hosts
(can be the same or different hosts).
 Addressing
 Requirements
Two levels of addressing is required.
 Each computer (host) on a
network needs a unique global address.
 its IP address (Example: 192.118.56.25)
 Each application/process on a (multi-tasking)
computer needs a
unique address within the computer.
 known as service access point (SAP) or port
number
Each server waits for requests to arrive
on port numbers associated with that
particular service.
 Port
s destination
Identifying the ultimate
 IP addresses identify hosts. Host has many
applications.
 Ports identify applications.
 Well-known ports (Standard Services): 1-
1023

Port 7: Echo server, Port 13: System’s
date/time

Port 25: E-Mail server, Port 80: Web server
 Ephemeral (temporal) ports: 1024-5000
Applicatio WWW E- Telne
 User-defined
n ports: mail5001-65535t
Por 80 25
t 23

192.18.22.1
 Using Ports to Identify Services
Server host 134.173.42.2

Client host Service request

for Web
134.173.42.2:80 server
(i.e., Web Kerne (port 80)
Client
server) l E-Mail
server
(port 25)

Service request
for Web
134.173.42.2:2 server
5 Kerne (port 80)
Client
(i.e., E-mail l E-Mail
server) server
(port 25)
 Socket
What is a Socket?
It is a protocolsindependent interface to multiple
transport
layer services.
 To kernel, socket is endpoint of communication.
 To application, socket is file descriptor that lets
application
read from or write to network.
 It is an interface (a “door”) into which an application
process can send and receive messages to/from
another (remote or local) application process.
 Clients and servers communicate with each other by
sending to
and receiving from socket descriptors.
 Every endpoint (socket) is identified by Address
and Port
 Socket
Interface
It is the interface between application and protocol
software.

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 Internet Connections
 Clients and servers communicate by sending streams of
bytes over connections.
 Connections are point-to-point, full-duplex (2-way
communication), and reliable.

Client socket address Server socket address

128.2.194.242: 134.173.42.2: 80
51213

Client Web Server

Connection socket pair (port 80)
(128.2.194.242:51213,
134.173.42.2:80)
Client IP Server IP
address address
134.173.42.2
128.2.194.24
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 Socket Functions
For

Defining an end- point for communication

Initiate(client) and accept(server) a
connection

Send and receive data

Terminate a connection gracefully
 Types of Sockets
• Two types of sockets :
– stream vs. datagram
• Stream socket : (connection- oriented socket)
– It provides reliable, connected networking
service.
– Error free; no out- of- order packets (uses
TCP).
– applications: telnet/ ssh, http, …

• Datagram socket :(connectionless socket)

– It provides unreliable, best- effort networking
service.
– Packets may be lost; may arrive out of order
(uses UDP).
Client (TCP)– high level
view
Create a socket

Connect to the server

Send/Receive data

Shutdown connection
Server (TCP) – high level
view Create a socket

Bind(register) the socket

Listen (wait) for

connections

Accept new client

connections

Send/Receive data

Shutdown connection
TCP Client-Server interaction using Sockets API

Two Separate IDLE terminals are required for client and

server programs.
TCP Client side Socket functions
 Socket Programming in
Python
Creating a Socket
To create a socket, you must use the socket.socket()
function
available in socket module, which has the general syntax:

import socket
s = socket.socket (family, type, proto)(returns Socket descriptor)
 family specifies address or protocol family. Can be AF_INET
(default)
AF_INET6, etc.
 type specifies socket type. Can be SOCK_STREAM (default)(TCP)
SOCK_DGRAM (UDP) etc.
 proto (protocol) argument is normally left to zero.

sock = socket.socket (socket.AF_INET,

socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) or 1
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 Establishing a
connection
import socket
socket.connect(address)
Connect to a remote socket at address
 This function is used by a client to establish a
connection
with a server.
 The address, contains the address information
of the server to connect to. (IP Address and
Port No).
 In general, the port number to be used on the
client’s side is chosen by the kernel (ephemeral
port).

sock.connect((‘192.168.10.52’,12000)) 1
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 Function for sending
data
import socket
socket.send(bytes)

 Send data to the socket.

 The socket must be connected to a remote

socket.
 Returns the number of bytes sent.

sock.send("this is nizam".encode())
or
sock.send(b‘this is nizam’)
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 Function for receiving
data
import socket
socket.recv(bufsize)
 Receive data from the socket.
The maximum amount of data to be received at
once is
specified by bufsize.
 The return value is a bytes object representing the
data received.
Note: For best match with hardware and network realities, the value
of
bufsize should be a relatively small power of 2, for example,
1024,2046 etc. =sock.recv(2046)
M (bytes)
or
M (string) =sock.recv(2046).decode()
1
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 Closing a
import socket socket
socket.close()
 Mark the socket closed.
The transport layer generally tries to flush out, i.e.
send, any
remaining data, when a close is done.
The underlying system resource is closed. Once that
happens, all future operations on the socket object will
fail. The remote end will receive no more data.

sock.close()

2
0
TCP Server side Socket functions
Associating a local address with a
socket
Import socket
socket.bind(address)
Bind the socket to address. The socket must not
already be bound.

 It is used for explicitly associating a

protocol specific local address to a
socket.
 For Internet Protocols, bind() associates
with the socket a port number
and/or one of the IP addresses of the host
on which the program is running.
 Listening for a
connection
import socket
socket.listen([backlog])
 Enable a server to
accept connections.
 If backlog is
specified, it must be
at least ‘0’.
 It specifies the number of unaccepted
connections that the system will allow before
refusing new connections.
It is necessary for a server to listen for connections
on some port in order to receive connection
requests from client. listen() performs two duties:
 Accepting a connection
import socket
socket.accept()
Accept a connection. The socket must be
bound to an address and listening for
 connections.
This function is called by the server to get the
next connection from the queue of completed
connections.
 If noconnection has been completed, the
function call blocks.
 The return value is a pair (conn, address) where
conn is a new socket object usable to send and
receive data on the connection.
 address is the address bound to the socket on the
 Accepting a connection

 During the three-way handshake (connection

establishment), the client process knocks on the
welcoming door (initial point of contact for all clients) of
the server process.
 When the server “hears” the knocking, it creates a new