Scribd
Upload
9 views25 pages

Lecture 10

The document provides an overview of basic statistics concepts, including definitions of population and sample, and the two main branches of statistics: descriptive and inferential statistics. It explains how descriptive statistics summarizes data while inferential statistics uses sample data to make conclusions about a population. Additionally, it discusses the Central Limit Theorem, which states that sample means tend to follow a normal distribution as sample size increases, regardless of the original population distribution.

Uploaded by

saibole2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views25 pages

Lecture 10

The document provides an overview of basic statistics concepts, including definitions of population and sample, and the two main branches of statistics: descriptive and inferential statistics. It explains how descriptive statistics summarizes data while inferential statistics uses sample data to make conclusions about a population. Additionally, it discusses the Central Limit Theorem, which states that sample means tend to follow a normal distribution as sample size increases, regardless of the original population distribution.

Uploaded by

saibole2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Basics of Statistics

Population:

Population is the entire group you want to draw conclusions


about.

Examples
1. The number of citizens living in the State of Rajasthan
2. All the chess players who have FIDE rating
3. the number of planets in the entire universe
4. The types of candies and chocolates are made in India.
Sample:

The sample is an unbiased subset of the population in which we


represent the whole data.
Random Sample: When each number/member from the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
The Branches of Statistics
Two branches, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, comprise the field of
statistics.

Descriptive Statistics
The branch of statistics that focuses on collecting, summarizing, and presenting a set
of data.

EXAMPLES
The average age of citizens who voted for the winning candidate in the last
presidential election, the average length of all books about statistics, the variation in
the weight of 100 boxes of cereal selected from a factory’s production line.
Inferential Statistics
The branch of statistics that analyzes sample data to draw conclusions about a population.

EXAMPLE A survey that sampled 2,001 full- or part-time workers ages 50 to 70, conducted
by the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), discovered that 70% of those
polled planned to work past the traditional mid60s retirement age.
Inferential statistic could be used to draw conclusions about the population of all workers
ages 50 to 70.
Example
Consider event of tossing dice. The dice is rolled 100 times and the results are forming
the sample data.
Descriptive statistics is used to grouping the sample data to the following table

Inferential statistics can now be used to verify whether the dice is a fair or not.
The features of the population under investigation can be summarized by numerical
parameters.
These population parameters are unknown and sample statistics are used to make
inference about them.

(Parameters and Statistics)


A parameter is an unknown numerical summary of the population.

A statistic is a known numerical summary of the sample which can be used to make
inference about parameters.
Central Limit
Theorem for mean
If we collect samples of size n and n is "large enough," calculate each sample’s
mean, and create a histogram of those means, then the resulting histogram will
tend to have an approximate normal bell shape.

It does not matter what the distribution of the original population is, or whether
you even need to know it. The important fact is that the sample means (averages)
and the sums tend to follow the normal distribution
Central Limit Theorem for mean

Suppose X is a random variable with a distribution that may be known or unknown


(it can be any distribution).
suppose:
a. µ = the mean of X
b. σ = the standard deviation of X

If you draw random samples of size n, then as n increases, the random


variablewhich consists of sample means, tends to be normally distributed and
An unknown distribution has a mean of 90 and a standard deviation of 15. Samples
of size n = 25 are drawn randomly from the population.
Find the probability that the sample mean is between 85 and 92.
Example Consider a normal population with mean µ = 82 and standard deviation σ = 12.

(a) If a random sample of size 64 is selected, what is the probability that the sample
mean will lie between 80.8 and 83.2?
(b) With a random sample of size 100, what is the probability that the sample mean will
lie between 80.8 and 83.2?
An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is
approximately normally distributed, with mean µ (expected value) equal to 800 hours
and a standard deviation of 40 hours. Find the probability that a random sample of 16
bulbs will have an average life of less than 775 hours?

Answer: 0.0062
Central Limit
Theorem for sum
Central Limit Theorem for sum

Suppose X is a random variable with a distribution that may be known or unknown


(it can be any distribution).
suppose:
a. µ = the mean of X
b. σ = the standard deviation of X

If you draw random samples of size n, then as n increases, the random variable

which consists of total of n observations, tends to be normally distributed and


EXAMPLE A large freight elevator can transport a maximum of 9800 pounds. Suppose a
load of cargo containing 49 boxes must be transported via the elevator. Experience has
shown that the weight of boxes of this type of cargo follows a distribution with mean µ =
205 pounds and standard deviation σ = 15 pounds. Based on this information, what is the
probability that all 49 boxes can be safely loaded onto the freight elevator and
transported?

We are given n = 49, µ = 205, σ = 15.


The elevator can transport up to 9800 pounds. Therefore these 49 boxes will be
safely transported if they weigh in total less than 9800 pounds.
EXAMPLE From past experience, it is known that the number of tickets purchased by a
student standing in line at the ticket window for the football match of UCLA against
USC follows a distribution that has mean µ = 2.4 and standard deviation σ = 2.0.
Suppose that few hours before the start of one of these matches there are 100 eager
students standing in line to purchase tickets. If only 250 tickets remain, what is the
probability that all 100 students will be able to purchase the tickets they desire?

We are given that µ = 2.4, σ = 2, n = 100. There are 250 tickets available, so the 100
students will be able to purchase the tickets they want if all together ask for less than
250 tickets.
Thank
you

You might also like