Standard Model of Particle

Physics
Reporter: XXX
 Tab
CONTENTS
le
01 . Introduction to of 02 . The Standard
Particle Physics Model Framework

03 . Particle
Con 04 . Experimental
Interactions ten Evidence
05 . Beyond the
Standard Model
ts 06 . Applications and
Implications
PART 01

Introduction to Particle
Physics
Fundamental Particles

Quarks Leptons Bosons

Quarks are elementary particles that Leptons are fundamental particles Bosons are force-carrying particles,
combine to form protons and that do not participate in strong such as photons for
neutrons, existing in six flavors: up, interactions, including electrons, electromagnetism, W and Z bosons
down, charm, strange, top, and muons, taus, and their for weak force, and gluons for strong
bottom. corresponding neutrinos. interactions.
 Forces in Nature
The weak nuclear force is responsible for
radioactive decay and neutrino
The strong nuclear force binds
interactions, mediated by W and Z
quarks together within protons bosons.
Electromagnetic force governs and neutrons, and holds atomic
interactions between charged nuclei together, mediated by
Gravitational force is the weakest particles, mediated by photons, and gluons.
of the four fundamental forces, is responsible for electricity,
acting between masses and magnetism, and light.
described by Einstein's theory of
general relativity.

01 02 03 04
Gravitational Force Electromagnetic Force Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear
Force
PART 02

The Standard Model

Framework
Quantum Field Theory

Quantum Electrodynamics Quantum Chromodynamics Electroweak Theory

(QED) (QCD)
QED describes the interaction of QCD is the theory of the strong Electroweak theory unifies the
charged particles with electromagnetic interaction, explaining how quarks and electromagnetic and weak forces,
fields, combining quantum mechanics gluons are confined within protons, predicting the existence of W and Z
and special relativity. neutrons, and other hadrons. bosons and the Higgs mechanism.
 Symmetries and Conservation Laws

Gauge Symmetry 01
Gauge symmetry underlies the Standard Model,
ensuring the consistency of interactions and the
existence of force-carrying particles.
1

02Conservation of Energy and

2 Momentum

03 Conservation of energy and momentum

are fundamental principles in particle
CP Symmetry physics, governing all interactions and

CP symmetry combines charge conjugation 3 decay processes.

and parity, and its violation in weak

interactions provides insights into matter-
antimatter asymmetry.
PART 03

Particle Interactions
Scattering Processes

Elastic Scattering Inelastic Scattering Deep Inelastic Scattering

Elastic scattering involves Inelastic scattering results in the Deep inelastic scattering probes
particles colliding and rebounding transformation of particles, often the internal structure of protons
without any change in their producing new particles and and neutrons, revealing the
internal structure, conserving transferring energy into internal presence of quarks and gluons.
kinetic energy. states.
Decay Processes
Beta Decay
Beta decay involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton,
emitting an electron and an antineutrino, mediated by the weak
force.

Alpha Decay
Alpha decay occurs when a heavy nucleus emits an alpha particle,
consisting of two protons and two neutrons, reducing its atomic
number.

Gamma Decay
Gamma decay involves the emission of high-energy photons from
an excited nucleus, releasing energy without changing the atomic
structure.
PART 04

Experimental Evidence
Particle Accelerators
Linear Accelerators
Linear accelerators propel charged particles in a straight line using
alternating electric fields, used in medical and research applications.

Cyclotrons
Cyclotrons accelerate particles in a spiral path using a magnetic field
and alternating electric fields, commonly used in isotope production.

Synchrotrons
Synchrotrons accelerate particles in a circular path using synchronized
electric and magnetic fields, enabling high-energy physics
experiments.
 Detectors
Cloud Chambers

Cloud chambers visualize particle tracks by condensing

vapor along the path of charged particles, providing
insights into particle behavior.
Cherenkov detectors identify particles moving
faster than the speed of light in a medium,
emitting characteristic Cherenkov radiation.

Cherenkov Detectors

1 22 3

Bubble Chambers

Bubble chambers detect charged particles by creating

trails of bubbles in a superheated liquid, revealing
particle tracks and interactions.
PART 05

Beyond the Standard

Model
Supersymmetry

1 2
3

Superpartners SUSY Breaking Implications for Cosmology

Supersymmetry proposes that SUSY breaking mechanisms Supersymmetry could provide

every particle has a explain why superpartners candidates for dark matter and
superpartner with different have not been observed, explain the universe's early
spin, potentially solving issues suggesting they are much conditions, linking particle
like dark matter and hierarchy heavier than Standard Model physics and cosmology.
problems. particles.
 String Theory

1 2 3

Basic Concepts Extra Dimensions Unification of Forces

String theory posits that fundamental String theory requires extra spatial String theory aims to unify gravity
particles are one-dimensional strings, dimensions beyond the three we with the other fundamental forces,
vibrating at different frequencies to observe, potentially explaining the providing a consistent framework for
produce various particles. unification of all fundamental forces. quantum gravity and particle physics.
PART 06

Applications and
Implications
 Technological Applications
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy harnesses the power of atomic nuclei, providing a
significant source of electricity and advancing energy sustainability.

Keywords

Medical Imaging Materials Science

Particle physics technologies, such as PET scans Particle physics techniques, like neutron
and MRI, revolutionize medical diagnostics and scattering, enable the study of material
treatment by imaging internal body structures. properties at the atomic level, driving innovation
in materials science.
Philosophical Implications
The Standard Model represents a milestone in human
understanding, yet it also highlights the limits of our
Human Understanding of

1
knowledge and the mysteries that remain.
the Universe

Particle physics challenges our understanding of reality,

revealing a universe governed by fundamental particles and
Nature of Reality
forces beyond direct perception.
2
Mathematics plays a central role in describing the

3
fundamental laws of the universe, bridging the gap between
theoretical predictions and experimental observations.
Role of Mathematics
Thank you for
listening.
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