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LINUX Basic
• What is it
• Architecture
• Distributions
• SUSE Linux Enterprise
Server
• Remote administration
– TCP/IP, IP tunneling
– CLI basic commands
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User’s skills required

• Basic PC skills:
– Internet/browser
– Office software
• English language
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Administrator's Skills Required

• Advanced PC skills
• Advanced networking skills
• English language
• Ability to work with command
line
• Ability to learn
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What is it
• Open Source Operating System based on UNIX
• Kernel + Libraries + Utilities + Applications
• Multiplatform
• Community - Internet development
• Free Licenses: GPL, LGPL, BSD Like ...
• History (1991 by Linus Torvalds)
• Supercomputers, servers, embedded ... desktop
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Distributions
• Community or Company
• Debian/Ubuntu, Opensuse/Novell,
Fedora/Red Hat, Mandriva, live DVD
distributions (Knoppix)
• Support and Certificates
• Development
• Packaging (build service)
• Updates
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GUI
• X Server
• Truetype Fonts support (DejaVu), UTF8
• Video Drivers (ATI, Nvidia, Intel)
• Window Manager
• Composite Manager
• GNOME GUI
• Firefox browser
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Your system:OpenSUSE+GNOME
• Novell
• 6 month release cycle
• 11.4
• Installation
• dvd/docu
• http://www.opensuse.org/
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GUI
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TOP Linux devices

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Operating System
• Abstraction to HW by common API
• Resource management
– Memory management
– Process management
– I/O and device management
• Filesystem
• Boot
• Security
• GUI
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Memory management 1
• Virtual and Physical
memory
• Page = smallest
contiguous block of
memory (4 kB)
• Page table =
translation table from
VM to PHM
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Memory management 2
• Interprocess Protection (segmentation fault)
• Demand Paging (mmap), Swap (file, partition)
• Cache and Buffers
• Out of memory (64 GB, for x86 32 bit with PAE)
• ;-) “640 k ought to be enough for anyone”, Bill
Gates, 1981
skyims1:~ # free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3898 1888 2010 0 305 719
-/+ buffers/cache: 863 3035
Swap: 4086 0 4086
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Process management 1
• Multi CPU / Core effective support
• Multi Processes / Threads support
• Preemption = interruption of running process
• Scheduling:
– Real Time => Lowest Latency
– Fair => Biggest Data flow
• Real multitasking
• Ring-level 0
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Process management 2
• Tick = Max count of context switch per second
(100, 250, 1000)
• Time Slice = Period of time for which a process is
allowed to run
• Scheduling Priorities (nice level)
– 20 most favorable process
– 9 least favorable process
• Synchronization: Semaphores, Mutual exlusions
• Dead Lock Problem
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Process management 3
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I/O and Device management

• Data Flow
• Buffers
• Shared Device Synchronization
• Plug and Play, Hotplug
• Conflicts
• Networking
• Udev and /dev
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Devices
• /dev/sda, /dev/sdb – hard discs
– /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, ... - disc partitions
– /dev/md0, /dev/md1 – RAID devices
• /dev/ttyS0 – serial port (COM1)
• /dev/ttyUSB0 – USB device as serial port
• /dev/zero
• /dev/random
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Drivers
• Modularity
• Common API
• On line change
• Stability and Reliability
• OSS and Third-party
• “Weakness”
• Kernel and User space drivers
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Filesystem 1
• Ext2-3, FAT, NTFS, ISO-9660 ...
• Journaling (Writeback, Ordered, Data)
• Fragmentation
• Ext3 metadata – inodes, files, dirs, links
• Fsck – automatic / manual data checking
• Limits and Block size
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Filesystem 2
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Filesystem 3
• Directory separator “/” instead of Windows “\”
• No concept of disk drives (A:, C:, ...)
• All disks mapped (mounted) to directories
under /
• DVD, USB flash: /media/XXX
• Mount, umount command
• Automount of DVD and USB flash
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Directory Structure
Root /
/boot ... Boot images for kernel and startup modules
/dev ... Device access names
/etc ... Configuration
/lib ... Kernel modules and basic libraries
/usr ... Applications
/tmp ... Temporary files
/home ... User data (protected between users)
/opt ... Third-party applications (SKY-IMS)
/var ... Running applications information, postgresql database
/media ... Removable devices access
/drbd ... Cluster mirrored data
/proc … Information about the system
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CLI file commands 1

ls -l -r -t -a directory
list directory content with additional
information
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CLI file commands 2

cd directory
change current working directory
skyims1:~ # cd /opt
skyims1:/opt #

pwd
show current working directory
skyims1:/opt # pwd
/opt
skyims1:/opt #
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CLI file commands 3

mkdir -p directory
creates directory
skyims1:/opt # mkdir test
skyims1:/opt #

rmdir directory
removes directory
skyims1:/opt # rmdir test
skyims1:/opt #
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CLI file commands 4

cat file
simple show file content
skyims1:/opt # cat testfile
Hello World!

less file
simple show file content with paging
tail file
simple show file end
head file
simple show file start
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CLI file commands 5

cp -pvr source dest
copy source file or directory (-r) to destination
skyims1:/opt # cp -v testfile /root
`testfile' -> `/root/testfile'

mv -v source dest
move source file or directory (-r) to destination
skyims1:/opt # mv -v testfile /root
`testfile' -> `/root/testfile'
removed `testfile'

ln -sv source dest

link (-s symbolic link) source file or directory to dest.
skyims1:/opt # ln -sv test/ test2
`test2' -> `test/'
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CLI file commands 6

touch file
creates new empty file or change ctime of file
skyims1:/opt # touch testfile
skyims1:/opt #

rm -rv file
remove file or directory (-r)
skyims1:/opt # rm -v testfile
removed `testfile'
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CLI file commands 7

tar -cvzf file.tgz directory
compress directory to tgz archive
skyims1:/opt # tar -cvzf test.tgz test
test/

tar -C directory -xvzf file.tgz

decompress tgz file to directory
skyims1:/opt # tar -C test3 -xvzf test.tgz
test/
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CLI file commands 8

grep pattern file
search for pattern in file, pattern uses wild chars:
'?' = any one char
'*' = any 0 or more chars
skyims1:/opt # grep Hello testfile
Hello World!

find directory -type type -name name

search directory for files or dirs with name
skyims1:/opt # find . -type f -name im?
./test3/bin/ims
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CLI file commands 9

man command
show manual for command
wild chars work also for all command
skyims1:/opt # cp -v * /tmp
skyims1:/opt # ls *

'>', '>>', '<', '|' reditection of stdin/stdout

skyims1:/opt # ls * | grep ims
skyims1:/opt # ls * > file
skyims1:/opt # ls * >> file
skyims1:/opt # cat < file
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CLI file commands 10

script
skyims1:/opt # cat script.sh
#!/bin/sh
echo "Starting"
echo "Insert 1 or 2"
read ans
if test "$ans" = "1"
then
echo "1 inserted"
elif test "$ans" = "2"
then
echo "2 inserted"
else
echo "Wrong input"
fi
echo "Finish"
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Midnight Commander
mc
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Security
• Users, Groups, Admin: root (passwd, shadows)
• File/device access rwx-rwx-rwx
• Firewall, Public IP
• Updates
• Secure shell (ssh, putty.exe)
• Cryptography (keys, truecrypt)
• HTTPS
• No virus yet!
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Boot
• BIOS => POST
• Grub Loader loads Kernel and Modules images
• Kernel and Modules initialization
• Init process => runlevels (default 5, 0 – halt, 6 -
reboot)
• Background Services
• GUI Login (autologin for user ims)
• Applications
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TCP/IP
• Data link layer: ethernet (MAC), serial, modem
• Network layer: IP, ARP, ICMP
• Transport layer: UDP, TCP
• Application layer: FTP, HTTP, IMAP, POP3 ...
• Socket – address and port, DNS
• Forwarding, tunneling, VPN
• Gateway
• NAT, public, private, local IP (10.10.; 127.0.0.1)
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CLI net commands 1

ping hostname
send echo request packets to network
hostname or IP address, to stop use <ctrl>+c
ping www.google.com
linux-cjt6:~ # ping 192.168.155.102
PING 192.168.155.102 (192.168.155.102) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.155.102: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.11 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.155.102: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.222
ms
64 bytes from 192.168.155.102: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.209
ms
64 bytes from 192.168.155.102: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.216
ms
--- 192.168.155.102 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time
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CLI net commands 2

nslookup hostname
query name servers interactively, determine
IP address from server name (service: named)
nslookup www.google.com
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CLI net commands 3

ftp username@hostname
allows a user to transfer files to/from a
remote net site
(default dir: /srv/ftp, service: vsftpd)
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CLI net commands 4

telnet username@hostname port
command is used to communicate with another host
using the TELNET protocol, it is possible to use it for
service connection to communication channel
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CLI net commands 5

ssh -p port -Llocalport:remotehost:remoteport
username@hostname -C
command is used to communicate with another host using the secure shell,
supports port forwarding
(putty.exe)
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CLI net commands 6

scp -C file username@hostname:file
scp -C username@hostname:file file
command is used to secure file transfer to/from another
host (winscp.exe)
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CLI net commands 7

netstat -n -t -r -l
print network connections, routing tables, interface
statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast
memberships
skyims0:~ # netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
192.168.155.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
10.10.10.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1
link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
loopback * 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
default 192.168.155.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
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CLI net commands 8

ifconfig
show information about network interfaces
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System information /proc

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CLI System commands 1

ps
show process status; also top command do the similar

kill pid
stop process by ID; also killall process_name
reboot
halt
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CLI System commands 2

free
show free/used memory

df -h
show free disk space
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CLI System commands 3

du -khs file
show used disk space of file/directory

mount
show mounted devices; also mount or umount devices
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CLI System commands 4

date
show current local system date and time

hwclock
show current local hw clock date and time
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CLI System commands 5

/etc/init.d/service name stop|start|restart
stop / start / restart service

insserv -r service_name
insert or remove (-r) service
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CLI System commands 6

crontab -l
show scheduled tasks

dmesg
show kernel messages
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Database commands
• Database is running only on main computer
• su – postgres
• psql -d ims
• \dt
• select * from messages2 where id > 1 limit 1;
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Linux: High Availability

• Redundancy within server: Linux software
RAID1
• Redundancy by two servers:
– Heartbeat / Pacemaker
– DRBD
• HDD hot plug feature with AHCI
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RAID
• Linux software RAID
• RAID1 – mirror
– Data replication for
better reliability a data
lost prevention
– Better read speed
• HDD hot plug feature
with AHCI
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Heartbeat
• Linux high-availability and Hot/Warm
failover solution
• Locked into memory and soft realtime for
minimal latency
• Two nodes (Main / Stand-by)
• Network (crosslink) and serial
communication cable
• Automatic resource monitoring and takeover
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Heartbeat
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DRBD
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DRBD
• Distributed Replicated
Block Device
• Automatic
synchronization via
high speed LAN
• Integrated with
heartbeat and SKY-IMS
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DRBD
cat /proc/drbd
shows DRBD status

/etc/init.d/drbd start
starts drbd
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DRBD
/etc/init.d/drbd stop
stops drbd
drbdadm adjust all
forced quick synchronization, consumes CPU

DRBD Configuration:
/etc/drbd.conf
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Troubleshooting:RAID1 Rescue
Failure of one disc results in failure of the PC.
• Boot from OpenSUSE DVD and choose “Rescue”
• Login as root
• Mount raid by command: mount /dev/md0/mnt
• Mount dev: mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev
• Change root directory: chroot /mnt
• Type command “cat /proc/mdstat” - bad disc is marked as “F:”
• Install Master Boot Record on the correct disc (let it be /dev/sdb)
grub
device (hd0) /dev/sdb
root (hd0,1)
setup (hd0)
Quit
• Reboot
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Troubleshooting:RAID1 Rescue 2
If the system does not boot, both disks are corrupted -> reinstallation.
If system reboots, shutdown, change the bad disc, boot PC.
Let /dev/sdb is OK disc and /dev/sda wrong one.
Read MBR from /dev/sdb to file: sfdisk -d /dev/sdb > /tmp/mbr
Write MBR from file to MBR: sfdisk /dev/sda < /tmp/mbr
Add the new disc to raid: mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sda2
Write grub to sda:
grub
device (hd0) /dev/sda
root (hd0,1)
setup (hd0)
quit
We can verify by command “cat /proc/mdstat”, if the disc is added and
synchronizes.
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DMN Morocco: SKY-IMS Computers

Settings
HDD sda and sdb are RAID 1.
/boot = md0 (sda1 + sdb1);
/ = md1 (sda2 + sdb2);
/drbd = md2 (sda3 + sdb3);

Disk partitioning:
Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000a6017
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sda2 14 6410 51383902+ fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sda3 6411 19457 104800027+ fd Linux raid autodetect
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DMN Morocco: SKY-IMS Computers

Settings
• IP address of servers:
– skyims0 192.168.155.100
– skyims0-local 10.10.10.1
– skyims1 192.168.155.101
– skyims1-local 10.10.10.2
– skyims 192.168.155.102

• Clients:
– No special IP-adresses need. Need only to be in the network 192.168.155.0

• MOXA NPORT
– IP of 8 nport in rack = 192.168.155.99

• PRINTER HP
– IP address is 192.168.155.98
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DMN Morocco: SKY-IMS Computers

Settings
RADIO RACOM
---------------------------------------------------------------------
LAN modem is the main (192.168.155.53), all serial
lines are set to: 9600, 8, N, 1.
Numbers in RACOM net:
main: 33000001:
ceilo: 33000003, 3300004 (free)
meteo aws: 33000005, 3300006 (biral)
wind aws: 33000007, 3300008 (free)
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DMN Morocco: SKY-IMS Computers

Settings
DSL
We use BRIDGE mode, configuration is by web wizard, one is
server another is client, any values are default only mode is
BRIDGE:

Router starting:
1. All LAN LEDs ligthing, PWR/SYS LED blinking ~ 25 sec
2. All LEDs off ~ 2 sec
3. Only PWR is on and LAN is blinking and DSL is blinking ~ 30
sec
4. DSL LED is on and PPP/ACT LED blinking = connected