GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY,

SERAMPORE

TOPIC- MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM INTERCONNECTS

DONE BY:-
SUJOY MANDAL(11000223049), SWARNADEEP SHIT(11000223050), SWASTIKA
DUTTA(11000223051), TUHIN PAL(11000223053), YASH SHARMA(11000223054)
STREAM: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER: 4TH YEAR: 2ND
SUBJECT: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SUBJECT CODE: PCC-CS402
CONTENTS
Serial No Content Page No
1 Introduction 3
2 Types of Multi-Processor 4-6
System Interconnections
3 INTERCONNECT TOPOLOGIES 7

4 APPLICATION OF 8
multiprocessor system
interconnects
5 conclusion 9
6 Reference 10
INTRODUCTION
 What is a Multi-Processor System?
• A system with more than one processor, allowing parallel processing to
improve performance.
• Parallel processing demands the use of efficient system interconnects for fast
communication among multiple processors and shared memory, I/0, and
peripheral devices.
• Example: Multi-core processors, Distributed computing systems.
 The following are the commonly used system interconnects this purpose:-
Hierarchical buses, crossbar switches And multistage networks .
Multiple processors are connected to shared-memory modules through an inter-
processors-memory network(IPMN). These processors share the access of I/O
and peripheral devices through processor I/O network(PION). Direct
interprocessor communications are supported by an optional interprocessor
communication network (IPCN) instead of through the shared memory.
Fig 1:multiprocessor system
Ref 7
 TYPES OF MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTS
 1. Bus-Based Interconnects
 Definition: A bus is a shared communication pathway where all processors are connected to
 a single line or bus for data transfer.
 How It Works:
• Each processor sends and receives data over a common bus.
• It uses a central control (typically a bus controller) that manages the flow of information.
 Advantages:
• Simple and Cost-Effective: Easy to implement and cheap for smaller systems.
• Shared Resource: Common bus can be used for all processors, reducing the number
• of connections.
 Disadvantages:
Fig 2: Bus-based interconnects
• Bandwidth Bottleneck: As the number of processors increases, they all share the same Ref 5
communication bandwidth, which can lead to contention and delays.
• Scalability Issues: Limited scalability due to the shared nature of the bus; performance degrades
as more processors are added.
• Single Point of Failure: If the bus fails, communication between all processors is disrupted.
 Usage: Often used in simpler, smaller-scale multi-processor systems.
 TYPES OF MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM

INTERCONNECTS
2. Crossbar Switch
 Definition: A crossbar switch is a network switch that connects multiple processors in a way that each
processor can directly communicate with any other processor without interference.
 How It Works:
• The crossbar consists of a grid of switches that connect rows (processors) to columns (memory or
other processors).
• It allows any processor to communicate with another by connecting their corresponding switch
elements.
 Advantages:
• Simultaneous Communication: Multiple processor pairs can communicate simultaneously,
improving throughput.
• Low Contention: Each processor has a dedicated path to every other processor.
 Disadvantages:
Fig 3: Crossbar Switch
• Complexity: Implementing a crossbar switch can be complex and expensive, especially with a Ref 6
large number of processors.
• Scalability: While it scales better than a bus, the number of crosspoints (connections) increases
rapidly as the number of processors grows.
 Usage: Common in high-performance computing (HPC) systems and supercomputers where high-
speed communication is required.
 TYPES OF MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM
 INTERCONNECTS
3. Network-on-Chip (NoC)
 Definition: an interconnect architecture that uses a network topology within a chip, allowing processors,
memory, and other components to communicate efficiently.
 How It Works:
• The system is typically composed of routers and links that connect various cores or components on a chip
(integrated circuit).
• It uses packet-switched communication to send data between cores rather than a shared bus or direct
connection.
 Advantages:
• High Throughput: Supports high bandwidth and low latency by allowing multiple data transfers
simultaneously.
• Scalability: Easily scalable for large multi-core systems, since additional cores and routers can be added
without significant performance degradation.
 Disadvantages:
• Power Consumption: The complexity of NoCs can result in higher power consumption, though this is
being mitigated with newer technologies.
Fig 4: Network-on-chip interconnect
• Complex Routing: Managing and routing the data efficiently can become increasingly complex as the Ref 8
number of cores grows.
 Usage: Widely used in multi-core processors and high-performance embedded systems, such as smartphones
and gaming consoles.
INTERCONNECT TOPOLOGIES

 Bus Topology
 Centralized; easy but slow.
 Ring Topology
 Each processor connected to two others in a loop.
 Efficient for certain applications but can become slow with increasing processors.
 Data travels in one direction (unidirectional) or both directions (bidirectional) around the ring, passing through each processor until it
reaches the destination.
 Mesh Topology
 Processors connected in a grid-like fashion.
 More scalable than bus and ring.
 Processors communicate through routers at the intersection points, with data being routed via multiple paths between processors.
 Tree Topology
 Hierarchical structure that minimizes latency and bandwidth bottlenecks.
 It uses a tree structure where the inner nodes have more bandwidth than the outer nodes, ensuring that the network can handle high
traffic loads.
 Commonly used in large-scale data centers and cloud computing systems, such as those used by companies like Google and Amazon.
APPLICATION OF MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTS
 1. Parallel Computing
• In supercomputers like the IBM Blue Gene or Cray systems, interconnection networks enable the efficient distribution of tasks
and data to improve computational performance.
 2. Cloud Computing
• Platforms like Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and AWS provide cloud services by leveraging multiprocessor systems with
high-speed interconnections to handle virtual machines, storage, and computing tasks.
 3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
• Training neural networks using TensorFlow or PyTorch on clusters of GPUs or TPUs (Tensor Processing Units), where
efficient interconnections enable fast data exchange.
 4. Distributed Databases
• In cloud computing and enterprise systems, databases like Google Spanner or Amazon DynamoDB distribute data across
many processors to maintain consistency and scalability.
 5. Multimedia Processing
• Video streaming platforms like YouTube or Netflix use multiprocessor systems to encode and decode video streams
simultaneously.
 6. Real-Time Systems
• In aerospace systems or automotive control systems, real-time processing is crucial for safety, where multiple processors
work in tandem to process sensor data quickly.
CONCLUSION

Multiprocessor system interconnections are fundamental to the success of modern computing,

enabling the seamless coordination and communication between multiple processors. These
interconnections are crucial for improving system performance, scalability, and fault tolerance,
allowing complex tasks to be processed in parallel. They support a wide range of applications, from
high-performance computing and cloud services to AI, real-time systems, and distributed databases.
As computational demands continue to grow, the development of efficient, high-speed interconnection
networks will remain key to advancing technology and driving innovation in various industries.
REFERENCE

1. https://slideplayer.com/slide/14586936/
2. http://www.icet.ac.in/Uploads/Downloads/CSA%20mod-3.pdf
3. Computer Architecture and Organization. John. P.Hayes Magraw- Hill.
4. Computer system Architecture. M.Moris Mano. Pearson
5. https://images.app.goo.gl/aRuymdnBKeMRmx268
6. https://images.app.goo.gl/sy481EDJtHuULQc3A
7. https://images.app.goo.gl/i6ZGknFGCyeWhz8V8
8. https://images.app.goo.gl/fi8RPue8x885cPmUA
THANK YOU