Methodology of data analytics

using Machine Learning

Unit 1: Introduction to Machine Learning

History and Evolution
Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on
creating algorithms and models that allow computers to learn from data, identify
patterns (data repeating in predictable way), and make decisions or predictions
without being programmed for each task.
• Early Beginnings (1940s - 1950s)
Foundations of AI and Computing:
Alan Turing: In the 1940s and 1950s, British mathematician Alan Turing laid the
groundwork for artificial intelligence with his famous "Turing Test" (1950), which
proposed a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour indistinguishable from
that of humans.
Perceptron (1957): Frank Rosenblatt developed the perceptron, an early model of
a neural network that could learn from examples and make simple predictions.
However, the perceptron was limited to solving basic problems and couldn't
handle more complex tasks.
• The Rise of Symbolic AI (1960s - 1970s)
Here, machine was programmed with rules and logic.
Expert Systems: Systems like MYCIN (1970s) were developed to solve problems
in specific domains, such as medical diagnosis. These systems relied on a large
set of predefined rules and logic rather than learning from data.
Early Neural Networks (1960s): Researchers like Warren McCulloch and Walter
Pitts laid the foundation for neural networks by modelling how neurons in the
human brain work, but practical application was still limited.
• The AI Winter (1970s - 1980s)
• Despite early excitement, progress slowed down due to limitations in
computing power and unrealistic expectations.
• Challenges: The perceptron’s limitations (not being able to solve non-linear
problems) led to a decline in interest. Similarly, symbolic AI struggled to scale
effectively and was too rigid for many real-world applications.
• AI Winter: Funding and research into AI slowed dramatically in the 1970s and
1980s, a period known as the "AI Winter," where progress was stalled due to
unmet promises and limited understanding of complex intelligence.
• Neural Networks Reborn (1980s - 1990s)
Backpropagation (1986): It is developed by Geoffrey Hinton, David Rumelhart,
and Ronald J. Williams. This algorithm allowed neural networks to learn from
data by adjusting the weights in the network in a more efficient way.
Support Vector Machines (1990s): Researchers also developed other
techniques like Support Vector Machines (SVMs), which became popular for
classification tasks, where the goal is to separate data into different categories.
Computing Power: During this time, computational resources (such as better
processors) improved, making it possible to handle more complex algorithms
and larger datasets.
• The Rise of Data and Big Data (2000s)
Availability of Data: The 2000s marked the rise of the internet, which
generated vast amounts of data, especially from websites, social media, and e-
commerce. This was critical for machine learning, as more data enabled better
training of models.
Improved Algorithms: Algorithms such as random forests, gradient boosting,
and more sophisticated versions of neural networks emerged. These
techniques helped solve a variety of problems more accurately, such as image
recognition and language processing.
• Deep Learning and the Big Breakthroughs (2010s - Present)
Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning focused on using deep neural
networks with many layers (hence is called "deep").
Deep Neural Networks: With deep learning models like Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), machines achieved
human-level performance in tasks such as image recognition, speech
recognition, and even language translation.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): It made easier for machines to understand
and generate human language.
Autonomous Systems: Self-driving cars, along with applications in robotics,
healthcare, and finance are an example.
• Current Trends and Future of Machine Learning
Transfer Learning: This approach allows models to apply knowledge gained
from one task to a different task but related task, which helps in situations
where data is limited.
Reinforcement Learning: In reinforcement learning, algorithms learn by
interacting with their environment, receiving feedback through rewards or
penalties. This is used in applications like game playing and robotics.
AI in Creative Arts: Machine learning is now even generating art, music, and
literature, showing that AI can go beyond traditional fields like data processing
and prediction.
Artificial Intelligence Evolution
AI refers to machines or software that can perform tasks typically requiring human
intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, understanding language,
and making decisions.
• The Beginnings of AI (1940s - 1950s)
Foundations of Computing and AI:
Alan Turing and the Turing Test: British mathematician Alan Turing laid the
groundwork for AI with his famous "Turing Test" (1950). Turing proposed that a
machine could be said to exhibit intelligent behaviour if it could engage in a
conversation with a human.
Early Computers: The creation of early computers, such as the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) in the 1940s, marked the first steps toward AI.
These machines were able to perform complex calculations much faster than humans.
Logic and Algorithms: Researchers began working on the idea of creating machines
that could reason, solve problems, and make decisions.
• The Birth of AI as a Field (1956 - 1970s)
Dartmouth Conference and AI as a Field:
In 1956, a key event in AI history occurred—the Dartmouth Conference, where
researchers officially coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” and laid the
foundation for AI as an academic discipline.
Early AI systems were based on symbolic reasoning, where machines were
programmed with explicit rules and logic to solve problems, like playing chess
or solving mathematical puzzles.
Expert Systems and Symbolic AI:
Expert Systems: AI researchers focused on building "expert systems" that could
mimic human. These systems relied on rules-based programming and if-then
logic.
The "Rule-based" Approach: Expert systems used predefined sets of rules to
process information and make decisions.
• The AI Winter (1970s - 1980s)
Limitations of Symbolic AI: The rule-based systems failed to handle real-world
complexity.
Lack of Computational Power: There was limited computing power of the
time, which made it difficult to process complex tasks or handle large datasets.
• Machine Learning (1980s - 1990s)
Machines to learn from data rather than following predefined rules.
Neural Networks and Backpropagation:
Neural Networks: These networks are made up of layers of interconnected
"neurons" that can process information.
Backpropagation (1986): Neural networks to learn from their mistakes by
adjusting internal connections (weights) in response to errors, improving
performance over time.
Machine Learning Techniques:
In the 1990s, new machine learning techniques, such as Support Vector
Machines (SVMs) and decision trees, gained popularity. These models could
classify data, make predictions, and handle more complex tasks than previous
systems.
• AI in the Modern Era (2000s - Present)
The Rise of Big Data and Computational Power:
The internetcreated vast amounts of data—known as big data.
Along with the growth in data, advances in computational power (powerful
GPUs and cloud computing) made it possible to train complex models quickly.
Deep Learning:
Deep Learning (a subfield of Machine Learning). It uses large neural networks
with many layers (hence the term "deep").
• AI Applications and the Future (2020s and Beyond)
AI in Everyday Life:
• AI in Healthcare: AI is being used for diagnosing diseases, personalized
medicine, and drug discovery.
• Self-Driving Cars: Autonomous vehicles are becoming a reality, with AI
systems controlling navigation, decision-making, and safety features.
• AI in Finance: AI models are used for stock trading, fraud detection, and risk
assessment in the financial sector.
• Robotics and Automation: AI is increasingly used to automate tasks in
factories, warehouses, and homes, including robotic assistants.
Different forms of Machine Learning
• There are different forms of machine learning, each with its own
characteristics, methods, and use cases.
1. Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is like teaching a child with examples. You provide the
machine with labelled data (input-output pairs), and the machine learns to
map the input to the correct output.
In supervised learning, the algorithm learns from labelled data (data that
already has the correct answers). The model is trained using this data to predict
outcomes for new, unseen data.
• Example:
Email Spam Detection: You train a model with emails that are labelled as "spam" or
"not spam". The model learns patterns in the data (like specific words or phrases)
and can then classify new emails as spam or not.
• Key Points:
Labelled data is essential for supervised learning.
It’s used for classification or regression (predicting continuous values like the price
of a house based on its features).
• Common Algorithms:
Linear Regression
Logistic Regression
Decision Trees
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
Neural Networks
2. Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is like exploring patterns in data without labels. The
algorithm is given data without predefined categories, and it tries to find
hidden patterns or structures.
In unsupervised learning, the machine looks for patterns or groupings in the
data. Since there are no labels to guide the learning process, the algorithm tries
to group similar data points together or find underlying patterns.
• Example:
Customer Segmentation: A business may have data on its customers but no
labels. An unsupervised learning algorithm can group customers into clusters
based on similar characteristics (e.g age, purchasing behaviour).
• Key Points:
There are no labels in the data.
It’s often used for clustering (grouping similar data points) or dimensionality
reduction (simplifying complex data).
• Common Algorithms:
K-Means Clustering
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
It is a mix of both supervised and unsupervised learning. You have a small amount of
labelled data and a large amount of unlabelled data. The algorithm uses the labelled
data to guide its learning, while also using the unlabelled data to refine its model.
The model starts with labelled data to understand the basic patterns, then tries to
label the unlabelled data itself based on the learned knowledge. The idea is that the
model can learn from the large amount of unlabelled data even if only a small
portion is labelled.
• Example:
Image Recognition: If you have a small set of images labelled as “cat” or “dog,” and
a large set of unlabelled images, the algorithm can learn from the labelled data and
then use the large set of unlabelled images to improve its accuracy in recognizing
cats and dogs.
• Key Point:
Useful when labelling data is expensive or time-consuming.
4. Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning (RL) is like teaching through trial and error. The
algorithm learns by interacting with an environment and receiving feedback in
the form of rewards or penalties based on its actions.
The goal is to maximize the total reward over time by learning which actions
lead to the best outcomes.
The agent learns from its own experience.
• Example:
Game Playing (e.g., Chess)
• Common Algorithms:
Q-Learning
Policy Gradient Methods
Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)
5. Self-Supervised Learning (A Hybrid of Supervised and Unsupervised)
Self-supervised learning is a type of learning where the system creates its own
labels from the data. It’s a type of unsupervised learning, but with a twist: the
system learns to predict parts of the data based on other parts.
For example a model might try to predict the next word in a sentence given the
previous words.
• Example:
Predicting Missing Words: In NLP, a self-supervised model like GPT might take a
sentence like “The cat sat on the ___” and learn to predict the missing word
("mat").
• Common Algorithms:
GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)
BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)
Machine Learning Categories
a. Classification
Classification is the task of predicting category of a given input.
The model learns to assign each input to a specific class or category based on training
data.
Example Algorithms: Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), k-Nearest
Neighbours (KNN), Decision Trees, Neural Networks.
Use Cases: Spam detection, medical diagnosis, sentiment analysis, image recognition.
b. Regression
Regression involves predicting a continuous output or value for a given input.
The model learns the relationship between input features and a continuous output
variable.
Example Algorithms: Linear Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, Neural
Networks.
Use Cases: Predicting house prices, weather forecasting, stock price prediction.
c. Clustering
Clustering is a type of unsupervised learning where the goal is to group similar
data points into clusters based on some similarity measure.
The model groups data points such that data points within the same group
(cluster) are more similar to each other than to those in other clusters.
Example Algorithms: K-means, DBSCAN, Agglomerative Clustering.
Use Cases: Market segmentation, anomaly detection, social network analysis.
d. Dimensionality Reduction
Dimensionality reduction involves reducing the number of input features
(dimensions) in the data while retaining as much of the variability as possible.
The model transforms the data into a lower-dimensional space, making it
easier to visualize or process further.
Example Algorithms: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), t-SNE, Linear
Discriminant Analysis (LDA).
Use Cases: Data visualization, speeding up machine learning algorithms, noise
reduction.
e. Anomaly Detection (Outlier Detection)
Anomaly detection identifies unusual or abnormal data points.
The model learns what is "normal" based on training data and identifies data
points that deviate significantly from this norm.
Example Algorithms: Isolation Forest, One-Class SVM, K-means clustering (for
anomaly detection).
Use Cases: Fraud detection, network security, predictive maintenance.
f. Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning involves training an agent to make decisions by
interacting with its environment and receiving feedback in the form of rewards
or punishments.
• How it Works: The agent takes actions, receives rewards or penalties, and
updates its strategy to maximize cumulative rewards over time.
• Example Algorithms: Q-learning, Deep Q Networks (DQN), Proximal Policy
Optimization (PPO).
• Use Cases: Robotics, self-driving cars, game AI, recommendation systems.
Frameworks for building machine learning system
• TensorFlow
• Developed by Google
• Known for its flexibility and scalability
• Supports a wide range of tasks, including deep learning, natural language processing, and
computer vision
• PyTorch
• Developed by Facebook
• Emphasizes flexibility and ease of use, particularly for research. Known for its dynamic
computational graph, which allows for more flexibility
• Strong community support and active development
• Scikit-learn
• Built on top of NumPy and SciPy
• Focuses on traditional machine learning algorithms (e.g., classification, regression, clustering)
• User-friendly and easy to learn, making it suitable for beginners
• Excellent for building and evaluating basic machine learning models
• Keras
• High-level API that can run on top of TensorFlow, PyTorch, or other backends
• Designed for fast experimentation. User-friendly and easy to learn, making it suitable
for beginners and experienced practitioners
• XGBoost
• Optimized distributed gradient boosting library
• Known for its high performance and accuracy
• Effective for handling large datasets and complex models
• LightGBM
• LightGBM (Light Gradient Boosting Machine) is another gradient boosting framework
developed by Microsoft, designed to be efficient and scalable.
• Faster training compared to XGBoost, especially with large datasets.
• High accuracy and performance for large-scale machine learning tasks.
• Use cases: Classification, regression, and ranking tasks.
• Apache Spark MLlib
MLlib is a scalable machine learning library built on top of Apache Spark, which is a
distributed computing framework.
Key Features:
• Distributed ML algorithms for large-scale data processing.
• Built-in support for classification, regression, clustering, and collaborative filtering.
• Integration with big data tools like Hadoop.
Use Cases: Large-scale machine learning tasks, big data processing, real-time analytics.
• Caffe
Caffe is a deep learning framework known for its speed in training convolutional
networks.
Key Features:
• High performance, particularly for image recognition tasks.
• Support for both CPU and GPU acceleration.
Use Cases: Computer vision tasks, such as image classification and segmentation.
• MXNet
MXNet is a deep learning framework developed by Apache that is highly
scalable and flexible. It is known for its efficient handling of deep learning
workloads.
Key Features:
• Designed to be highly efficient, especially for distributed training.
• Built-in support for deployment on cloud services such as AWS.
Use Cases: Deep learning in production, large-scale distributed training.
Machine Learning Python Packages
A package is the form of a collection of tools. It helps in initiating a code.
1. NumPy
NumPy is a fundamental package fro numerical computing in Python. It provides
support fro arrays, matrices and many mathematical functions.
Use Cases: Data manipulation, handling arrays and matrices, linear algebra
operations, and mathematical computations.
Installation: pip install numpy
2. Pandas
Pandas is a powerful library for data manipulation and analysis. It provides data
structures like DataFrame for handling tabular data.
Use Cases: Data preprocessing, manipulation, and analysis, especially with
structured/tabular data.
Installation: pip install pandas
3. Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a plotting library used for creating static, animated, and
interactive visualizations in Python.
Use Cases: Data visualization, plotting graphs, and charts (line, scatter,
histograms, etc.).
Installation: pip install matplotlib

4. Seaborn
Built on top of Matplotlib, Seaborn provides a high-level interface for drawing
attractive and informative statistical graphics.
Use Cases: Data visualization with more sophisticated plotting options
(heatmaps, violin plots, etc.).
Installation: pip install seaborn
5. Scikit-learn
Scikit-learn is one of the most widely used machine learning libraries. It
offers simple and efficient tools for data mining and data analysis.
Use Cases: Supervised learning (classification, regression), unsupervised learning
(clustering), dimensionality reduction, model selection, and evaluation.
Installation: pip install scikit-learn

6. SciPy
SciPy is a library for scientific and technical computing, built on top of
NumPy. It contains modules for optimization, integration, interpolation, eigenvalue
problems, and other tasks.
Use Cases: Optimization, numerical integration, and signal processing.
Installation: pip install scipy
7. TensorFlow
TensorFlow is an open-source framework for deep learning developed by
Google. It allows you to build and deploy machine learning models,
particularly neural networks.
Use Cases: Deep learning tasks, including neural networks for image
classification, NLP, and reinforcement learning.
Installation: pip install tensorflow

8. Keras
Keras is a high-level deep learning API, running on top of TensorFlow. It
simplifies the process of building and training deep learning models.
Use Cases: Deep learning model development.
Installation: pip install keras
9. PyTorch
PyTorch is an open-source deep learning framework developed by Facebook.
It is known for its flexibility, dynamic computation graphs, and ease of use.
Use Cases: Deep learning research and model development, especially for complex
models and experiments.
Installation: pip install torch

10. XGBoost
XGBoost is a highly efficient and scalable implementation of gradient boosting algorithms.
It's one of the most popular packages for structured data problems.
Use Cases: Classification and regression tasks, particularly with structured/tabular data.
Installation: pip install xgboost
Data Analysis Packages
1. Pandas
Pandas is one of the most popular Python libraries for data manipulation and
analysis. It provides easy-to-use data structures such as DataFrames and Series
for handling structured data.
• Key Features:
• Efficient handling of tabular data (e.g., CSV, Excel, SQL databases).
• Powerful data manipulation, filtering, aggregation, and merging.
• Data cleaning and pre-processing tools.
Use Cases: Loading, cleaning, transforming, and analyzing structured data.
Installation: pip install pandas
2. NumPy
NumPy is a fundamental package for numerical computing in Python. It offers
support for multi-dimensional arrays and matrices along with a wide range of
mathematical functions.
•Key Features:
Efficient array operations, linear algebra, and mathematical functions.
Integration with other libraries such as Pandas, SciPy, and Matplotlib.
Array broadcasting for efficient mathematical operations.
•Use Cases: Mathematical and numerical analysis, especially with arrays and
matrices.
•Installation: pip install numpy
3. SciPy
SciPy is a library for scientific and technical computing, built on top of NumPy.
It includes modules for optimization, integration, and statistical functions.
•Key Features:
Tools for optimization, signal processing, linear algebra, and probability
distributions.
High-level algorithms for statistical analysis, hypothesis testing, and data
fitting.
•Use Cases: Scientific computing, optimization, statistical analysis, and
advanced mathematical operations.
•Installation: pip install scipy
4. Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a versatile plotting library for creating static, animated,
and interactive visualizations in Python.
•Key Features:
Wide variety of plot types (line, scatter, bar, histogram, etc.).
Customizable plotting with control over axes, labels, and colors.
Integration with Pandas and NumPy for visualizing data.
•Use Cases: Creating visualizations for exploratory data analysis (EDA),
reporting, and presentations.
•Installation: pip install matplotlib
5. Seaborn
Seaborn is built on top of Matplotlib and provides a high-level interface for
creating attractive and informative statistical graphics.
•Key Features:
Advanced visualizations (e.g., heatmaps, violin plots, pair plots).
Built-in support for working with Pandas DataFrames.
Statistical plots such as regression lines and categorical plots.
•Use Cases: Statistical data visualization, exploring relationships between
variables, and quick plotting.
•Installation: pip install seaborn
6. Plotly
Plotly is a graphing library that creates interactive, web-based visualizations
with rich features.
• Key Features:
• Interactive plots that can be embedded in dashboards and websites.
• 3D plotting, geographical mapping, and animated plots.
• Supports both offline and online modes for visualization sharing.
• Use Cases: Interactive visualizations, dashboards, and presentations
• Installation: pip install plotly
7. Bokeh
Bokeh is an interactive visualization library for creating browser-based
visualizations. It enables the creation of complex and interactive plots.
• Key Features:
• Interactivity with tools like zoom, pan, and hover.
• Capability to handle large datasets and streaming data.
• Integration with web applications
• Use Cases: Web-based interactive visualizations, dashboards, and real-time
data visualization.
• Installation: pip install bokeh
8. Dask
Dask is a parallel computing library that allows you to scale your data analysis
workflows, especially with large datasets that don't fit into memory.
• Key Features:
• Parallel and distributed computing.
• Scalable data analysis with DataFrame and array abstractions similar to Pandas and
NumPy.
• Integration with big data frameworks like Hadoop and Spark.
• Use Cases: Parallel computing for large-scale data analysis and machine
learning on big data.
• Installation: pip install dask
9. Vaex
Vaex is a fast, flexible, and memory-efficient library for working with large
datasets, particularly in tabular format.
• Key Features:
• Out-of-core computation to handle datasets larger than memory.
• Fast operations on data using lazy evaluation.
• Support for visualizations and statistics on large datasets.
• Use Cases: Fast data analysis on big datasets, especially for exploratory data
analysis and visualization.
• Installation: pip install vaex
10. PySpark
PySpark is the Python API for Apache Spark, a distributed computing
framework. It enables large-scale data processing and analysis on clusters.
• Key Features:
• Distributed data processing
• Integration with Hadoop for large-scale data storage and analysis.
• Built-in MLlib for machine learning tasks.
• Use Cases: Distributed data processing, big data analytics, and machine
learning on large datasets.
• Installation: pip install pyspark
Machine Learning Core Libraries
1. Scikit-learn
Scikit-learn is one of the most widely used machine learning libraries in
Python. It provides simple and efficient tools for data mining and data
analysis.
• Key Features:
• Supervised learning algorithms (classification, regression).
• Unsupervised learning algorithms (clustering, dimensionality reduction).
• Model selection and evaluation tools (cross-validation, hyper parameter tuning).
• Data pre-processing (scaling, encoding, imputation).
Use Cases: General-purpose machine learning tasks, particularly for small to
medium-sized datasets.
Installation: pip install scikit-learn
2. TensorFlow
TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework developed by
Google, widely used for deep learning tasks.
• Key Features:
• Support for neural networks, deep learning, and reinforcement learning.
• High-level API (Keras) for building models with ease.
• GPU/TPU acceleration for faster training.
• Deployment tools for serving models in production (TensorFlow Serving).
• Use Cases: Deep learning applications, computer vision, NLP, time-series
forecasting, reinforcement learning.
• Installation: pip install tenserflow
3. Keras
Keras is a high-level deep learning API written in Python, running on top of
TensorFlow (since TensorFlow 2.0). It simplifies the process of building and
training deep learning models.
• Key Features:
• Intuitive API for creating deep neural networks.
• Support for convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs),
and more.
• Pre-trained models for transfer learning.
• Seamless integration with TensorFlow and other libraries.
• Use Cases: Rapid deep learning model prototyping and development.
• Installation: pip install keras
4. PyTorch
PyTorch is an open-source deep learning framework developed by
Facebook. It is known for its dynamic computation graphs, ease of use,
and extensive support for research.
• Key Features:
• Seamless GPU acceleration with CUDA support.
• Extensive library for NLP (Hugging Face) and computer vision.
• Easy model debugging with Python-native debugging tools.
• Use Cases: Deep learning research, NLP, computer vision,
reinforcement learning.
• Installation: pip install torch
5. XGBoost
XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting) is a highly efficient and scalable
gradient boosting library that is widely used for structured/tabular
data.
• Key Features:
• Implements gradient boosting algorithms (GBM, tree-based models).
• Fast training and predictive performance with regularization.
• Efficient handling of sparse data and missing values.
• Parallelized computation for faster performance.
• Use Cases: Classification and regression tasks, particularly on
structured/tabular datasets.
• Installation: pip install xgboost
6. LightGBM
LightGBM (Light Gradient Boosting Machine) is a gradient boosting
framework designed for speed and efficiency. It is particularly effective
with large datasets.
• Key Features:
• Efficient histogram-based algorithm for faster training.
• Support for categorical features.
• Excellent scalability for large datasets.
• Use Cases: Large-scale classification and regression tasks, ranking, and
multi-class classification.
• Installation: pip install lightgbm
7. CatBoost
CatBoost is a gradient boosting library. It is designed to handle categorical
features and is efficient on large datasets.
•Key Features:
Automatic handling of categorical variables (no need for manual encoding).
Built-in support for multi-class classification and regression tasks.
•Use Cases: Classification, regression, and ranking problems, especially when
dealing with categorical data.
•Installation: pip install catboost
8. Theano
Theano is an open-source numerical computation library used for
defining, optimizing, and evaluating mathematical expressions involving
multi-dimensional arrays. While no longer actively developed, it was
one of the early deep learning libraries and remains useful in some
contexts.
• Key Features:
• GPU-accelerated computing.
• Optimization of mathematical expressions.
• Use Cases: Deep learning model development
• Installation: pip install theano
9. Fastai
Fastai is a high-level deep learning library built on top of PyTorch, aimed
at simplifying the process of training models and making deep learning
more accessible.
• Key Features:
• Simplified API for training neural networks.
• Pre-trained models for transfer learning.
• Focus on enabling rapid experimentation with deep learning.
• Use Cases: Deep learning prototyping, especially for computer vision
and NLP tasks.
• Installation: pip install fastai
10. Hugging Face Transformers
Hugging Face Transformers is a library designed for working with
transformer models like BERT, GPT, T5, and others in NLP tasks.
• Key Features:
• Access to state-of-the-art transformer models for tasks like text classification,
sentiment analysis, question answering, and more.
• Pre-trained models and fine-tuning capabilities.
• Integration with PyTorch and TensorFlow.
• Use Cases: Natural Language Processing tasks, such as text
classification, translation, summarization, and question answering.
• Installation: pip install transformers