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Simply Introduction To
Embedded systems
ENG/ ALI ELHENIDY
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Topics

History
Introduction to embedded
Embedded systems
Concepts
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The Industrial Revolution

 In the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
 The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom and most of the
important technological innovations were British.
 improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power.
 Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general
population began to increase consistently for the first time in history.
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Great Discovery
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Electricity (2 th
industrial
revolution)

 Back in 1752, there was a man named Benjamin Franklin.

 Italian physicist Alessandro Volta constructed the voltaic pile (an
early electric battery) in 1800 that produced a steady electric current.
 In 1831 electricity became viable for use in technology when Michael
Faraday created the electric dynamo (a crude power generator)
 This opened the door to American Thomas Edison and British
scientist Joseph Swan who each invented the incandescent filament
light bulb in their respective countries in about 1878.
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Classic Control

 Use Relays and contactors in industry and factories.

 ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer
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Amazing Discovery
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Semi-Conductors (3 Th
industrial
revolution)

 There is no doubt that semiconductors changed

the world beyond anything that could have been
imagined before them.
 Although people have probably always needed to
communicate and process data, it is thanks to
the semiconductors that these two important
tasks have become easy and take less time.
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1940:
Discovery of the p-n
1940s Junction
Russell discovers the p-n junction and
photovoltaic effects in silicon that lead
to the development of junction
transistors and solar cells.
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1941:
Semiconductor diode r
1940s ectifiers serve in WW II
Techniques for producing high
purity germanium and silicon
crystals are developed for
wartime radar microwave
detectors.
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1953:
1950s Transistorized Comput
ers Emerge
A transistorized computer
prototype demonstrates the small
size and low-power advantages
of semiconductors compared to
vacuum tubes.
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1960:
1960s Apollo Guidance Computer

One of the first recognizably modern

embedded systems was the
Apollo Guidance Computer developed
ca. 1965 by Charles Stark Draper at
the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.
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1960
s

IN 1965, AUTONETICS,
DEVELOPED THE D-17B,
THE COMPUTER USED IN
THE MINUTEMAN
MISSILE GUIDANCE
SYSTEM.
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1965:
"Moore's Law" Predicts th
1960s e Future of Integrated Circ
uits
Fairchild's Director of R & D
predicts the rate of increase of
transistor density on an integrated
circuit and establishes a yardstick
for technology progress.
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1960s
IN 1968, THE FIRST EMBEDDED
SYSTEM FOR A VEHICLE WAS
RELEASED; THE VOLKSWAGEN
1600 USED A MICROPROCESSOR
TO CONTROL ITS ELECTRONIC
FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM.
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1970s THE FIRST MICROCONTROLLER WAS

DEVELOPED BY TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
IN 1971. THE TMS1000 SERIES,
WHICH BECAME COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE IN 1974, CONTAINED A 4-
BIT PROCESSOR, READ-ONLY
MEMORY (ROM) AND RANDOM-
ACCESS MEMORY (RAM), AND IT COST
AROUND $2 APIECE IN BULK ORDERS.
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1971:
1970s Microprocessor Integrat
es CPU Function onto a
Single Chip (Intel 4004)
Silicon-gate process
technology and design
advances squeeze computer
central processing units (CPU)
onto single chips.
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THE 8-BIT INTEL 8008,

RELEASED IN 1972, HAD 16 KB
OF MEMORY; THE INTEL 8080
1970s FOLLOWED IN 1974 WITH 64
KB OF MEMORY. THE 8080'S
SUCCESSOR, THE X86 SERIES,
WAS RELEASED IN 1978 AND IS
STILL LARGELY IN USE TODAY.
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1980s

 Development on the Acorn RISC

Machine didn't start until some
time around late 1983 or early
1984. The first chip was delivered
to Acorn on 26th April 1985.
 The Acorn Archimedes which was
released in 1987, was the first
RISC based home computer.
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1980s
IN 1987, THE FIRST
EMBEDDED OPERATING
SYSTEM, THE REAL-TIME
VXWORKS, WAS RELEASED
BY WIND RIVE
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1990s

 Arm company was founded in November 1990

as Advanced RISC Machines Ltd and structured as a
joint venture between Acorn Computers, Apple
Computer (now Apple Inc.) and VLSI Technology.
 By the late 1990s, the first embedded Linux system
appeared.
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1990s

 Arm’s hard work came to fruition in 1994, during the mobile

revolution.
 Nokia were advised to use Arm based system design from
Texas Instruments (TI) for their upcoming GSM mobile phone.
 Nokia were against using Arm because of overall system cost to
produce. This led to Arm creating a custom 16 bit per
instruction set that lowered the memory demands, and this was
the design that was licensed by TI and sold to Nokia. The first
Arm powered GSM phone was the Nokia6110 and this was a
massive success.
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2000s

 The term ‘Internet of Things’ was coined in 1999 by the

computer scientist Kevin Ashton. While working at Procter &
Gamble, Ashton proposed putting radio-frequency identification
(RFID) chips on products to track them through a supply chain.
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2000s

 In 2002-2003, Walmart and the US Department of Defense were the

first large organizations to embrace Ashton’s model of tracking
inventory using tagging, RFID, and the Internet of Things.
 In 2000, LG announced the first smart refrigerator, in 2007 the first
iPhone was launched and by 2008, the number of connected devices
exceeded the number of people on the planet.
 In 2009, Google started testing driverless cars and in 2011, Google’s
Nest smart thermostat hit the market, which allowed remote control of
central heating.
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2010s

 The Ring doorbell was developed in 2011 by Jamie Siminoff because he

wanted to see who was at his door while he was in the garage, working.
He couldn’t hear the doorbell from the garage and kept missing
deliveries.
 In 2012, The Swiss Federal Office of Energy started a pilot program
called “Smart City Switzerland.”
 From 2015, smartphones began to become an integral part of the IoT
revolution. Smartphone-enabling technologies such as built-in sensors,
Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking, and near-field
communications (NFC) allow it to be an integral part of IoT.
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Embedded System Definition

 Application-specific systems which contain

hardware and software tailored for a particular
task and are generally part of a larger system.
 An embedded system is a computing device that
does a specificand repetitive job.
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ES VS General Purpose Systems
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Types of Embedded System

 Mobile embedded systems are small-sized systems that are designed to

be portable. Digital cameras are an example of this.
 Networked embedded systems are connected to a network to provide
output to other systems. Examples include home security systems and
point of sale (POS) systems.
 Standalone embedded systems are not reliant on a host system. Like
any embedded system, they perform a specialized task.
 Real-time embedded systems give the required output in a defined time
interval. They are often used in medical, industrial and military sectors
because they are responsible for time-critical tasks. A traffic control system
is an example of this.
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Embedded System Applications

 Automotive
 Engine management systems
 Climate control systems
 ABS
 Computer Products
 Printer, Scanner, Fax
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Embedded System Applications

 Home Appliances
 Microwave
 Washing machines
 Refrigerators
 Other
 Industrial control
 Medical equipments
 Vending machines
 Calculators
 Toys
 ATM machines
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Back Ground Knowledge

 Computer Architecture
 Data Structure
 Digital design
 Digital Logic
 Operating System Concepts
 Programming Basics
 Electronics basics
 Embedded System Outlines
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Automotive technologies
(4H)

SWE & Tooling

RTOS (4H)
& Testing (4H)

ARM
AVR interacting
interacting
(40H)
(12H)

C Programming Data stricture & Algorithms

(28H) (4H)

Introduction to Embedded Embedded systems Concepts

systems (2H) (2H)
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mbedded systems Concept

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Processors in a System

 A processor has two essential units:-

 Program Flow Control Unit (CU)
 Execution Unit (EU)
 The CU includes a fetch unit for fetching instructions from the memory.
The EU has circuits that implement the instructions pertaining to data
transfer operation and data conversion from one form to another.
 The EU includes the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and also the
circuits that execute instructions for a program control task such as
interrupt, or jump to another set of instructions.
 A processor runs the cycles of fetch and executes the instructions in the
same sequence as they are fetched from memory.
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Processor (CPU) Vs.
Microprocessor

 processor or CPU is a small chip, which contains millions of tiny

transistors to run the system effectively. It is the duty of processor to
keep an eye over the computer. Its main function is to perform complex
and difficult task.
 Microprocessor is the latest form of processor or CPU. The
microprocessor is a single-chip circuit integrated with all qualities of
CPU with few new circuits. Its processing speed is greater than CPU.
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Processor (CPU) Vs.
Microprocessor

 In fact, all CPUs are microprocessors however not all microprocessors are
CPUs. The main difference between the two is their functionality and
purpose within a computer system.
 A CPU is a type of processor tasked with a variety of roles. A
microprocessor is generally tasked with one specific task and does that
one task exceedingly well. A CPU issues commands to microprocessors
and in return the microprocessors send data to the CPU or other
component as specified by the CPU.
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Types of Processors

 General Purpose Processor (GPP)

 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
 Embedded Processor
 Digital Signal Processor
 Media Processor
 Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
 Application Specific Instruction Processors (ASIPs)
 GPP core(s) or ASIP core(s) on either an Application Specific Integrated
Circuit (ASIC) or a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuit.
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Microprocessor

 A microprocessor is a single VLSI chip having a CPU. In addition, it may

also have other units such as coaches, floating point processing
arithmetic unit, and pipelining units that help in faster processing of
instructions.
 Earlier generation microprocessors’ fetch-and-execute cycle was guided
by a clock frequency of order of ~1 MHz. Processors now operate at a
clock frequency of 2GHz
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Microcontroller
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Micro processor VS Micro Controller
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Memory Types

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Types of RAM

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

 DRAM is a RAM device that stores each bit in an electrical capacitor rather
than in a flip-flop and requires periodic refreshing to retain its content
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 SRAM is a RAM device that retains its content as long as power is supplied by
an external power source. SRAM does not require periodic refreshing and it is
faster than DRAM
 Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM)
 NVRAM is a special type of SRAM that has backup battery power so it can
retain its content after the main system power is shut off.
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Types of RAM
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Types of RAM
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Types of ROM

 Mask-Programmable ROM
 Burned by the chip manufacturer prior to shipping
 One-Time Programmable (OTP)
 Can be burned once only (by the developer)
 Used when the firmware is stable and the product is shipping
in bulk to customers
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Types of ROM (cont.)

 Programmable ROM (PROM)

 can be programmed using special equipment
 it can be written to, but only once
 This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder works
 Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
 can be erased and reprogrammed.
 Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency used for erasing it
 For programming, a programming device
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Types of ROM (cont.)

 Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

 can be erased and reprogrammed.
 Electricity used for erasing it
 FLASH
 Flash memory was developed from EEPROM
 The large block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a
significant
speed advantage over old-style EEPROM when writing large
amounts
of data
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ROM Content
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Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

 Reduced Instruction Set Architecture (RISC) –

The main idea behind is to make hardware simpler by using
an instruction set composed of a few basic steps for
loading, evaluating, and storing operations just like a load
command will load data, store command will store the data.
 Complex Instruction Set Architecture (CISC) –
The main idea is that a single instruction will do all loading,
evaluating, and storing operations just like a multiplication
command will do stuff like loading data, evaluating, and
storing it, hence it’s complex.
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Buses
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CPU Architecture
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Von Neumann Architecture

 The Von Neumann architecture was first proposed by a

computer scientist John von Neumann. In this
architecture, one data path or bus exists for both
instruction and data. As a result, the CPU does one
operation at a time. It either fetches an instruction from
memory, or performs read/write operation on data. So an
instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur
simultaneously, sharing a common bus.
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Harvard Architecture
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Harvard Architecture

 The Harvard architecture offers separate storage and signal buses for
instructions and data. This architecture has data storage entirely
contained within the CPU, and there is no access to the instruction
storage as data. Computers have separate memory areas for program
instructions and data using internal data buses, allowing simultaneous
access to both instructions and data.
 Programs needed to be loaded by an operator; the processor could not
boot itself. In a Harvard architecture, there is no need to make the two
memories share properties.
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CPU Instruction Cycle
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Pipelining
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Dependencies in a pipelined
processor

 There are mainly three types of dependencies

possible in a pipelined processor. These are :
1) Structural Dependency
2) Control Dependency
3) Data Dependency
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Structural dependency

 This dependency arises due to the resource conflict in

the pipeline. A resource conflict is a situation when
more than one instruction tries to access the same
resource in the same cycle. A resource can be a
register, memory, or ALU.
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Data Hazard
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Control Dependency (Branch
Hazards)

 This type of dependency occurs during the transfer

of control instructions such as BRANCH, CALL, JMP,
etc. On many instruction architectures, the processor
will not know the target address of these instructions
when it needs to insert the new instruction into the
pipeline. Due to this, unwanted instructions are fed
to the pipeline.
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Microcontroller
Vendor Examples
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Micro Controller

PIC
AVR
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Let us Start
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0
Software Needed

IDE (editor + compiler +debugger)

PIC micro C
AVR atmel studio
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1
Build Process

Pre processor
Compiler
Assembler
Linker
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2
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Simulation (Protues)

 Proteus Virtual System Modeling (VSM) software offers the

ability to co-simulate both high and low-level micro-controller
code in the context of a mixed-mode SPICE circuit simulation. It
combines mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation, animated
components and microprocessor models to facilitate co-
simulation of complete micro-controller based designs. With
VSM, it is possible to develop and test such designs before a
physical prototype is constructed
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Components

 ATMega32  Bluetooth
 Led  Relay
 Buttons  Test board
 330,10, 1 resistors  8 MHZ oscillator
 7 segment  Male – male jumpers
 LCD  2n2222A transistor
 KeyPad
 Buzzer