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Type of Studies

The document outlines the six essential elements of research design as identified by Sekaran, which include the purpose of the study, type of investigation, extent of researcher interference, study setting, unit of analysis, and time horizon. It categorizes research designs into exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing, providing examples for each. Additionally, it discusses different types of investigations, levels of researcher interference, and the importance of study settings and time horizons in research.

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Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Khan
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8 views16 pages

Type of Studies

The document outlines the six essential elements of research design as identified by Sekaran, which include the purpose of the study, type of investigation, extent of researcher interference, study setting, unit of analysis, and time horizon. It categorizes research designs into exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing, providing examples for each. Additionally, it discusses different types of investigations, levels of researcher interference, and the importance of study settings and time horizons in research.

Uploaded by

Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Research Process – Elements of Research Design

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RESEARCH DESIGN
Sekaran (2003) has identified following six elements of
research design:-

1. Purpose of the study

2. Type of investigation

3. Extent of researcher interference

4. Study setting

5. Unit of analysis

6. The time horizon


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RESEARCH DESIGN

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RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Exploratory Research Design


2. Descriptive Research Design
3. Hypotheses Testing

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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• Exploratory study
• Is undertaken when not much is known about the
issue / variable or situation, or no information is
available on how similar problems or research issues
have been solved in the past
• Example
• A service provider wants to know why his customers
are switching to other service providers?

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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• Descriptive study
• Is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to
describe the characteristics of the variables of interest
• Example
• A bank manager wants to have a profile of the individuals who
have loan payments outstanding for 6 months and more. It
would include details of their average age, earnings, nature of
occupation, full-time/part-time employment status, and the like.
This might help him to elicit further information or decide right
away on the types of individuals who should be made ineligible
for loans in the future

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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• Hypothesis testing / cause and effect / causal
• Studies that engage in hypotheses testing usually
explain the nature of certain relationships, or establish
the differences among groups
• Example
• A marketing manager wants to know if the sales of the
company will increase if he doubles the advertising
budget
• Is there is positive/ negative relationship between IV
and DV
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RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Exploratory Research Design


2. Descriptive Research Design
3. Hypotheses Testing

Q. Which one you are conducting ??

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TYPE OF INVESTIGATION
• Causal Study
• it is necessary to establish a definitive cause-and-
effect relationship, Does Smoking cause cancer?
• Correlational study
• Identification of the important factors “associated with”
the problem
• Group Differences
• When researcher is interested in some comparative
study
Q. Which one we are conducting ??

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RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE

Researcher influence to / treatment to the


participants/ data/ information/ situation. Three
levels of researcher interference:-

•Minimal Interference
•Moderate Interference
•Excessive Interference

Q. Which level you are using in your research ?

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STUDY SETTING

• Contrived. Artificial setting / Laboratory


Settings

• Non-contrived. Study conducted in natural


environment or field where work proceeds normally

Q. Which one you are conducting ??

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POPULATION TO BE STUDIED
Unit of analysis
• Individuals
• Dyads / two entities (persons)
• Groups / 3/ 5/ 4/ 6
• Organizations
• Cultures / Countries / Greek Hofsted (1952) / 52

Q. Which one will be used in your research ?

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TIME HORIZON
• Cross-sectional studies
• Snapshot / data collection of constructs at a single point in
time
• Use of representative sample

• Longitudinal studies
• Constructs measured at multiple points in time
• Use of same sample

Q. Which one will be used in your research ?


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RESEARCH DESIGN

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