Emerging Technology

Chapter 4
Internet of Things (IoT)

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 After accomplishing this chapter, Students will be able to:

Describe IoT
➢ Explain the history of IoT
➢ Describe the pros and cons of IoT
➢ Explain how IoT works
➢ Explain the architecture of IoT
➢ Describe some of the application areas of IoT

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 What is IoT?
According to the IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Communications category magazine’s definition, IoT is a framework of
all things that have a representation in the presence of the internet in such
a way that new applications and services enable the interaction in the
physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication in the cloud.

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 What is IoT?
According to the Oxford dictionary’s definition, IoT is the interaction of
everyday object’s computing devices through the Internet that enables
the sending and receiving of useful data.
The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020 conceptual
framework is expressed through a simple formula such as:

IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

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 What is IoT?
• Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects
or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

• IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer data
over the internet without any human intervention with unique identifiers.

• Simple Example

• Ring, a doorbell connected with your smartphone

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 History of IoT
• IOT is latest technology.

• Machines have been providing direct communications since the telegraph

(the first landline) was developed in the 1830s and 1840s.

• “Wireless telegraphy,” the first radio voice transmission in 1900,

providing another necessary component for developing the Internet of
Things.

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 History of IoT

• The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started in 1962.

• The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the

first wide-area packet-switched network in 1969.

• Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993.

• IPV6’s increase address space.

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 History of IoT
• The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until 1999. One
of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from the early 1980s and was
a Coca Cola machine.

• Local programmers would connect by the Internet to the refrige and check to
see if there was a drink available and if it was cold, before making the trip.

• By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a system using
multiple technologies.

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 History of IoT
• Kevin Ashton, was the first to describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999 speech.

• He stated that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a prerequisite for the IoT.

• Radio-frequency identification uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify

and track tags attached to objects.

• He concluded if all devices were “tagged,” computers could manage, track, and
inventory them.

• Tagging technologies such as digital watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes.

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 Advantages of IoT

• Improved Customer Engagement

• Technology Optimization

• Reduced Waste

• Enhanced Data Collection

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 Disadvantages of IoT
• As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared
between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information.

• If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device will become
corrupted.

• No international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s difficult for devices from
different manufacturers to communicate.

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 Challenges of IoT
• Security:- IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating over networks. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of
attackers.

• Privacy:-

• Compliance (conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or

law.) − IoT, like any other technology, must comply with regulations. Its
complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when
many consider standard software compliance a battle.
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 Challenges of IoT

• Complexity:- complicated in terms of design, deployment, and

maintenance b/c of multiple technologies and a large set of new
technologies.

• Flexibility:-several conflicting or locking systems.

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 How does it work?
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded
processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on data
they acquire from their environments.

 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or
another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally.

 The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can
interact with the devices. For instance, to set them up, give them instructions or
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access the data.
 Architecture of IoT
• The architecture of IoT devices comprises four major
components, sensing, network, data processing, and
application layers.

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 Sensing Layer

• Sensing layer is used to identify and obtain data from the real world. This layer
consists of several sensors.

• A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate
and forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device.

• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that generate the
data.

• An actuator might, for example, shut off a power supply, adjust an airflow valve.

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 Network layer
• Communication channel to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to
other connected devices.

• Communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave,

LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow between other devices
within the same network.

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 Data Processing Layer
• Takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to make
decisions based on the result.

• The data processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to
improve the user experience.

• This layer can also share the result with other IoT devises in the network.

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 Application Layer
• This layer implements and presents the results of the data processing
layer to accomplish different applications of IoT devices.

• It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.

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 Applications of IoT
• Agriculture –
• For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management of
microclimate conditions(temperature, humidity) a reality, which in turn
increases production.
• For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can sense soil
moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data, better control
smart irrigation and fertilizer systems.

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 Applications of IoT

• Consumer Use - For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of wearables and
smart homes make life easier.

• Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit (A new device that contains a 3D

motion sensor that accurately tracks your calories burned-steps taken-distance
traveled and sleep quality.), smartphones, Apple watches.

• These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and fitness.

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 Applications of IoT

• Smart homes take care of things like activating environmental controls so that
your house is at peak comfort when you come home. Dinner that requires
either an oven or a crockpot can be started remotely, so the food is ready when
you arrive.

• Security is made more accessible as well, with the consumer having the ability
to control appliances and lights remotely, as well as activating a smart lock to
allow the appropriate people to enter the house even if they don’t have a key.

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 Applications of IoT
• Healthcare - First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor
their patients’ health at home, thereby reducing hospital stays while still
providing up to the minute real time information that could save lives.

• In addition to the above-mentioned real-time home monitoring, sensors can also

determine if a patient has fallen or is suffering a heart attack.

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 Applications of IoT

• Insurance - Even the insurance industry can benefit from the IoT
revolution. Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for
IoT wearables such as Fitbit.

By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized policies

and encourage healthier habits, which in the long run benefits everyone,
insurer, and customer alike.

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 Applications of IoT
• Manufacturing - RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a

product from its start on the factory floor to its placement in the destination
store. These sensors can gather information on travel time, product condition,
and environmental conditions that the product was subjected to.

• Sensors attached to factory equipment can help identify bottlenecks in the

production line, thereby reducing lost time and waste.

• Other sensors mounted on those same machines can also track the performance
of the machine, predicting when the unit will require maintenance, thereby
preventing costly breakdowns.
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 Applications of IoT

• Transportation - By this time, most people have heard about the progress being

made with self-driving cars.

• But that’s just one bit of the vast potential in the field of transportation.

• The GPS, which if you think of it is another example of IoT, is being utilized to
help transportation companies plot faster and more efficient routes for trucks
thereby speeding up delivery times.

• But city planners can also use that data to help determine traffic patterns, parking
space demand, and road construction and maintenance.
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 Applications of IoT
• Utilities- IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions
such as humidity, temperature, and lighting.

• Switch off lights in a room or turn down the thermostat (energy save)

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 . IoT Based Smart Home

Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and monitor

different home devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web
with no physical distance limitations. These “smart” devices

• Remote Control : Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid

accidents and save energy.

• Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,

temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability to transmit
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data over long distances.
 . IoT Based Smart Home
• Smart Home Appliances: frige with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food
that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the
information available on a smartphone app.

• Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel
safe in their daily life at home.

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 . IoT Based Smart City
In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and autonomous
vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver innovations in energy
management, traffic management, and security, sharing the benefits of this
technology throughout society.

• Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in

buildings, bridges and historical monuments.

• Lightning: Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.

• Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public

announcement systems.
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 IoT Based Smart City
Smart Parking:

Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available in the city making residents able to
identify and reserve the closest available spaces,

•Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash

collection routes.

Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when
garbage has been put out.

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 . IoT Based Smart Farming
• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production
of fruits and vegetables and its quality.

• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw,

etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.

• Animal Farming/Tracking: Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and

detection of harmful gases.

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 • Thanks….

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