Database

Management System

Class : - TY CSE – I
Dr. Deepa Deshpande
Database Management System (DBMS)
 Collection of interrelated data
 Set of programs to access the data
 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and
efficient to use.
 Database Applications:
◦ Banking: all transactions
◦ Airlines: reservations, schedules
◦ Universities: registration, grades
◦ Sales: customers, products, purchases
◦ Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
◦ Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
 Databases touch all aspects of our lives

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 Purpose of Database System
 In the early days, database applications were built on
top of file systems
 Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:

◦ Data redundancy and inconsistency

 Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
◦ Difficulty in accessing data
 Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
◦ Data isolation — multiple files and formats
◦ Integrity problems
 Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of
program code
 Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

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Engineering 02/26/2025 3
Purpose of Database Systems
(Cont.)
 Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
◦ Atomicity of updates
 Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates
carried out
 E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete
or not happen at all
◦ Concurrent access by multiple users
 Concurrent accessed needed for performance
 Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
 E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time
◦ Security problems
 Database systems offer solutions to all the above
problems
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Engineering 02/26/2025 4
 Examples of Databases
 Web indexes
 Library catalogues
 Medical records
 Bank accounts
 Stock control
 Payroll systems
 Product catalogues
 Telephone directories
 Train timetables
 Airline bookings
 Credit card details
 Student records
 Customer histories
 Stock market prices
 Discussion boards

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 Database Management Systems
 Database Management systems allow users to
◦ Store
◦ Update
◦ Retrieve
◦ Organise
◦ Protect
their data.
 Examples:
◦ Oracle
◦ DB2 (IBM)
◦ MS SQL Server
◦ MS Access
◦ Ingres
◦ PostgreSQL
◦ MySQL

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Engineering 02/26/2025 6
 Major components of a
database system
 Data: integrated and shared.
 Hardware: disk, CPU, Main Memory, ...
 Software: DBMS
 Users:
1. Application programmers-Write software to allow end users to interface with the database
system

2. End users -Use the database system to achieve some goal

3. Database systems programmer - Writes the database software itself

4. Database administrator (DBA) - Designs & manages the database system

 Defining external schema

 Defining conceptual schema
 Defining internal schema
 Liaison with users
 Defining security and integrity checks
 Defining backup and recovery procedures
 Monitoring performance and changing requirements
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 Functions of the DBMS
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Data Security and Integrity
 Data Recovery and Concurrency
 Data Dictionary
 Performance

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 View of Data

 An architecture for a database system

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 Three Level Architecture
 User 1  User 2  User 3

 Extern  Extern
al al External Level
 View 1  View 2
External/Conceptual Mappings
 Concept  DBA
ual Conceptual/Logical Level
 View

Conceptual/Internal Mapping

 Stored
 Data Internal/Physical Level

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Engineering 02/26/2025 10
 Internal/Physical Level
 It is lowest level of data abstraction that deals with physical representation of the
database on the computer and thus is also known as physical level.
 Deals with physical storage of data
◦ Structure of records on disk - files, pages, blocks
◦ Indexes and ordering of records
◦ Used by database system programmers
 Internal Schema
RECORD EMP
LENGTH=44
HEADER: BYTE(5)
OFFSET=0
NAME: BYTE(25)
OFFSET=5
SALARY: FULLWORD
OFFSET=30
DEPT: BYTE(10)
OFFSET=34

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 Conceptual/Logical Level
 This level of abstraction deals with logical structure of entire
database and thus also known as logical level.

 Deals with the organisation of the data as a whole

 It describes what data are stored in the database ,without any

concern for the physical implementation

 Used by DBAs and application programmers

 Conceptual Schema
CREATE TABLE Employee ( Name VARCHAR(25),
Salary REAL,Dept_Name VARCHAR(10) )

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 External/ View Level
 It is highest level of abstraction that deals with user’s view &
thus also known as view level

 Provides a view of the database tailored to a user

◦ Parts of the data may be hidden
◦ Data is presented in a useful form
◦ Used by end users and application programmers

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Engineering 02/26/2025 13
 Mappings
 Mappings translate information from one level to the next
 External/Conceptual
 Conceptual/Internal
 These mappings provide data independence
 Physical data independence
 Changes to internal level shouldn’t affect conceptual level
 It is ability to change the internal schema without affecting the conceptual
schema and external schema
 Logical data independence
 Conceptual level changes shouldn’t affect external levels
 It is ability to change the conceptual schema without affecting the external
schema and application programs

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 Data Abstraction
 In general, the interfaces between the various levels
and components should be well defined so that
changes in some parts do not seriously influence
others
 Database users are provided with an abstract view of

the data by hiding certain details of how data are

physically stored.
 This enables users to manipulate the data without

worrying about where they are located or how they

are actually stored.

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Thank You

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Engineering 02/26/2025 16