CHAPTER THREE

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE(AI)

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 Chapter objectives
 Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
 Describe the eras of AI.
 Explain the types and approaches of AI.
 Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture,
business and education
 List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in
recent years.
 Understand the relationship between the human’s way of
thinking and AI systems

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 What is AI?
• It is composed of two words

Artificial :- man made

Intelligence :- thinking power or the ability to learn and solve problems

So AI means "a man-made thinking power."

• A man made thinking power represents AI and composed of an agent and its
environment

• An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.

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 Continued …
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science means
creating intelligent machines which can
behave like a human,

think like humans, and

able to make decisions.

• Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

Knowledge is the information acquired through experience. Experience
is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).

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 Continued …
• High-profile examples of AI include
• autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars )
• medical diagnosis (MRI)
• Creating art (such as poetry),
• proving mathematical theorems,
• playing games (such as Chess or Go),
• search engines (such as Google search),
• online assistants (such as Siri, Chat GPT)
• image recognition in photographs,
• spam filtering,
• prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online
advertisements
 Why we need AI at this time? Activity 3.3

1. create expert systems

2. Automation:
3. Data Analysis:
4. Personalization:
5. Medical Advances:
6. Natural Language Processing (NLP): like virtual assistants,
chatbots, and language translation services.
7. Improved Efficiency in Research and Development:
8. Cybersecurity:
9. Autonomous Vehicles:
10.Innovation and Competitive Advantage:
 Goals of AI
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent

behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

• Artificial Intelligence is not only have computer science concepts it is

so vast and requires lots of disciplines that can contribute to it.

• To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is

composed. so Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of
 Reasoning,
 Learning,
 Problem-solving,
 Perception, language understanding, etc.
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 Artificial Intelligence requires the following disciplines to
achieve the full implementation of AI:

Disciplines of AI
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Computer
Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics
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 Advantages of Artificial
Intelligence
High Accuracy with fewer errors:
High-Speed:
High reliability:
Useful for risky areas:
Digital Assistant:
Useful as a public utility(: self-driving car, facial
recognition for security purposes, …

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligences

• Every technology has some disadvantages, and the

same is true for AI
• High Cost
• Can’t think out of box:- even if we can create smarter
machines but can only do that work for which they are
trained or programmed even robot
• No feelings and emotions:
• Increase dependence on machines
• No Original Creativity:
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 History of AI
• Maturation of Artificial
Intelligence (1943-1952)
• 1943:- Two scientists
proposed a model of artificial
neurons this is the first work
of AI
• 1949:- the Hebbian learning
rule. It is an updating rule for
modifying the connection
strength between neurons.
• 1950:- a test for the concept
of Machine Learning.

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 The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-
1956)
• 1955:-Two scientists created the "first artificial intelligence program“
known Logic Theorist(computer program that could prove theorems in symbolic logic)
• 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist.
• The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
• 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems ,Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot which was
named as ELIZA.
• 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was
named WABOT-1.

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 The first AI winter (1974-1980)
• The first AI winter duration.
• AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a
severe shortage of funding from the government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was
decreased.

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 A boom of AI (1980-1987)
• 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with
"Expert System".
• Expert systems were programmed that emulate the
decision-making ability of a human expert.

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 The second AI winter (1987-1993)
• Investors and government stopped in funding for AI
research due to high cost but not efficient results.
• The expert system such as XCON(eXpert CONfigurer)
assist in the ordering of computer systems by
automatically selecting the computer system components
based on the customer's requirements.

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The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-
2011)
• In 1997 IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, and
became the first computer to beat a world chess champion
• 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of
Roomba, a vacuum cleaner. Home cleaner robot
• 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also
started using AI.

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Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence
(2011-present)

• In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it
had to solve complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved
that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky
questions quickly.
• 2014: Chatbot
• 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics
with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.

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 Types of AI
• AI is making a machine intelligent and based on the
strength of intelligence or capability(type 1) and
functionality (type 2) here are types or classification of AI:

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 Based on Capabilities (Type -1)
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
Able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence (only trained for one
specific task).

The most common and currently available AI.

Apple Siri(Siri can make calls or send texts for you whether you are
driving, and It also offers proactive suggestions — like texting someone
that you're running late for a meeting )

Google translate, playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce

sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition
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 2. General AI:
• It is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual
task with efficiency like a human.

• Currently, there is no such system exists which could come

under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a
human but researchers are focusing on the development of it.

• This type of AI needs more time, effort and resource to be

developed(power).

• May be after 20 year.

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 3. Super AI:
• It is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines
could surpass human intelligence,

• Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability

include the ability to think, to reason & solve the puzzle,
make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own.

• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial

Intelligence.
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 Based on the functionality(Type-2)

1. Reactive Machines

• Such AI systems do not store memories or past

experiences for future actions.

• They only focus on current scenarios and react on it as

per possible best action.

• IBM's Deep Blue (chess-playing compute) system is an

example of reactive machines.
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 2. Limited Memory

• Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some

data for a short period of time.

• Such AI can use stored data for a limited time period only.

• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited

Memory systems.

• These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the
distance of other cars, speed limits, and other information to
navigate the road.
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 3. Theory of Mind

• Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions,

beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.

• This type of AI machines is still not developed, but

researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement
for developing such AI machines.

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 4. Self-Awareness

• This type of AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence

• These machines will be super intelligent and will have their

own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.

• These machines will be smarter than the human mind

• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a

hypothetical concept.

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 Levels of AI
• Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering

everything from business software (Robotic Process Automation) and
domestic materials to aircraft autopilots

• Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention

Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain. They

are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans.
Well, known applications of this level are chatbots and
“roboadvisors”
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• Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise

Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in

a specific context taking in massive volumes of information which they can
use for decision making. Cancer diagnosis and Google Deep mind’s
AlphaGo

• Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

These algorithms have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how

their own logic works. This means they could reason or negotiate with
humans and other machines. These algorithms are still in development
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• Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General
Intelligence (AGI)

These systems have human-like intelligence – the most

commonly portrayed AI in media – however, no such
use is in evidence today.

Some believe it could be realized already from 2024.

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• Stage 6 – Artificial Super-intelligence (ASI)

AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans

in every domain.

Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the

capabilities might be, yet we would hope examples would
include solving problems we have failed to so far, such as world
hunger and dangerous environmental change

it can be realized by 2029. Fiction has tackled this idea for a

long time, for example in the film Ex Machina or Terminator.
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• Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence

This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6)

leads to a massive expansion in human capability

We might go beyond the limits of the human body and connect

to other forms of intelligence on the planet – animals, plants,
weather systems, and the natural environment.

We could see it happen by 2045 as a result of exponential rates

of progress across a range of science and technology disciplines

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 Influencers of artificial intelligence
➢ Big data: In the last few years, the availability of larger volumes and
sources of data is enabling capabilities in AI that could not be used in the
past due to lack of data availability, limited sample sizes, and an inability to
analyze massive amounts of data in milliseconds.

➢ Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures.

➢ Cloud computing and APIs

➢ The emergence of data science

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 Applications of AI
1. Agriculture(agriculture robotics, crop monitoring, predictive analysis)
2. Travel &Transport(making travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to
the customers.)
3. Healthcare (AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so
that medical help can reach the patient before hospitalization)
4. Automotive Industry(self-driven cars)
5. Education (AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant
6. Robotics (Humanoid Robots like Erica and Sophia which acts like human)
7. Finance and E-commerce (AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with
recommended size, color, or even brand.)
8. Gaming or Entertainment (Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services
show the recommendations for programs or shows)
9. Data Security(used to determine software bugs)

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 Applications of AI
10. Email ➢ Spam Filters.
11. Social Networking
12. ➢ Facebook – When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically
highlights faces and suggests friends tag.
13. Instagram - Instagram, uses machine learning to identify the contextual meaning of
emoji
14. Mobile Use ➢ Voice-to-Text - By pressing a button or saying a particular phrase
(“Ok Google”, Microsoft has followed suit with Cortana,

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 AI tools and platforms
AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware
architecture or software framework (including application
frameworks), that allows the software to run.

Some platforms offer pre-built algorithms and simplistic

workflows with such features as drag-and-drop modeling
and visual interfaces that easily connect necessary data to
the end solution, while others require a greater knowledge
of development and coding.
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 Continued …
AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most
difficult problems in computer science, like:
 Search and optimization
Logic
 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
Neural networks
Control theory (branch of Applied Mathematics dealing with the use of feedback to
influence the behavior of a system in order to achieve a desired goal)
Languages

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 continued …
The most common artificial intelligence platforms include
Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning (a collection of services and tools intended
to help developers train and deploy machine learning models),

Google Cloud Prediction API (can predict a numeric or categorical value derived
from the data provided in a training set.),

TensorFlow, Infosys Nia(an artificial intelligence and machine learning platform

built to help businesses streamline data management and automate complex
processes.),
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 End!
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