Electrical

Machines
B.Sc. Electrical
Engineering

Lecture #
DC Generator Fundamentals

1
Learning Objectives
• Self Excited DC Generators

• EMF Equation of DC Generator

• Lap & Wave Windings

• Numerical Problems

• Review Questions
2
Self-Excited DC Generator
• A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding
is supplied current from the output of the
generator itself.
• self-excited generators have three types:
(i) Series generator;
(ii) Shunt generator;
(iii) Compound generator
3
 How is self-excitation achieved?
When armature is rotated by prime mover, a small
voltage is induced in the armature winding due to
residual flux in the magnetic poles. This voltage
produces a small field current in the field winding
and causes the flux per pole to
increase. The increased flux induced
voltage which further increases the
increases the
field current. These events take place rapidly
and the generator builds up to rated generator
voltage.
4
DC Shunt Generator

5
• Field winding is connected in parallel with the
armature winding.
• The shunt field winding has much number of
turns having high resistance.
I SH = V / R SH
I a = I L + I SH
V = E g – I a Ra
Power developed in armature = E g I a
Power delivered to load = V I L

6
DC Series Generator

7
• Field winding and armature winding
are connected in series.
• Field winding has less number of turns
with greater cross-section and less resistance.
• Series generators are rarely used except
for special purposes e.g., as boosters.
Armature current, I a = I SE = I L = I (say)
Load voltage, V = E g – I (Ra + R SE) Power
developed in armature = E g I a Power
delivered to load = E g I a- Ia2 (Ra + R SE)
= I a [Eg – I a (Ra + R SE)]
=VIa
8
Short Shunt / Differentially Compounded
DC Generator

9
• One field winding is connected in parallel with armature
and the other field winding is connected in series with
the load.
• Shunt field winding is in parallel with the
armature winding.
• Resultant flux in machine is difference of both the fluxes
produced by shunt and series fields.
Series field current, I SE = I L
Shunt field current, I SH = [V + I SE R SE]/RSH
Load voltage = V = Eg – Ia Ra – Ise Rse Power
developed in armature = Eg Ia
Power delivered to load = VI L
10
Long Shunt / Cumulatively Compounded DC
Generator

11
• Shunt field winding is in parallel with both
series field and armature winding.
• Both series and shunt fields are connected so that
the two fields are additive.
Series field current, I SE = Ia = I L + I sh
Shunt field current, I SH = V / Rse Terminal
voltage = V = Eg – Ia (Ra +Rse) Power
developed in armature = Eg Ia Power
delivered to load = V I L

12
EMF Equation of A DC Generator
• When armature is rotated in magnetic field produced by
magnetic poles, voltage is induced in armature
conductors.
Φ = flux per pole.
Z = total number of conductors of armature. P =
number of poles.
A = number of parallel paths
= 2 for wave winding & A = P for lap
winding.
N = armature speed (RPM).
E g = voltage induced per parallel path = EMF / A
13
According to Faraday’s law,
EMF generated / conductor = d / dt [Φ] = d Φ / dt
d Φ = flux cut by one conductor in one revolution
= P Φ Weber.
d t = time taken to complete one revolution
= 1 / N minute = 60 / N seconds
EMF generated / conductor = P Φ / 60 / N
=P

Φ N / 60

Volts
As there are Z conductors and A parallel paths
in armature,
14
EMF of Z conductors = P Φ Z N / A x 60 volts
Armature Lap Winding

15
16
• The finish of each coil is connected to the start
of the next coil.
• The two ends of any coil are taken to adjacent
segments of the commutator. The winding is
known as lap winding because the sides of
successive coils overlap each other.
• Lap winding is suitable for low voltage and
high current generators.
17
Armature Wave Winding

18
• The finish of coil is connected to the start of
another coil well away from the fixed coil.
• The winding does not return back to the same
pole and advances from one pole to the
second and from second to the third pole and
so on.
• As the winding progresses in one direction
round the armature in a series of ‘waves’, so it
is called wave winding.
• Wave winding is suitable for high voltage and
low current machines.
19
Example
A compound generator is to supply a load of 200
lamps; each rated at 100 W, 220 V. The
armature winding resistance is 0.06 ohms, series
winding resistance is 0.04 ohms and shunt
winding resistance is 50 ohms. The voltage drop
per brush is 1 volt. Calculate the following:
(i)EMF when generator is connected in long –
shunt connection.
(ii)EMF when generator is connected in short –
shunt connection.
20
Solution
EMF in long-shunt generator=?
V = 220 V, Lamps = 100, each of 100 W
Ra= 0.06 ohms, R se= 0.04 ohms, R sh= 50 ohms

21
P = V IL
I L = Load power / Load voltage
= 200 x 100 / 220 = 91 A
I SH = V / R f
= 220 / 50 = 4.4 A
I a = I L + I SH = 91 A + 4.4 A
= 95.4 A
E g = V + I a (Ra + R se) + total brush drop
E g = 220 + 95.4 (0.06 + 0.04) + 2x1
= 231.54 V
22
EMF generated in Short-shunt generator?

23
 I L = Load power / Load voltage
= 200 x 100 / 220 = 91 A
V sh = V L + V-drop across R se
= 220 + 91 x 0.04 = 223.64 V
I SH = V sh / R
= 223.64 / 50 = 4.47 A
I a = I L + I SH
= 91 + 4.47 = 95.47 A
E g = shunt voltage + I a Ra
+ total brush drop
= 223.64 + 95.47 x 0.06 + 24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Review Questions
Q. 1 Explain types of self-excited dc generators?
Q. 2 How self-excitation is achieved?
Q. 3 Discuss lap and wave windings?
Q. 4 Derive an equatio for EMF of a
dc generator?
Q. 5 Compare shunt and series field
windings of shunt and series generators with
respect to cross sectional area and length?
31