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Chapter 9 - Combustion Engine Testing

Chapter 9 discusses internal combustion engines, including their nomenclature, performance testing, and the heating value of fuels. It explains the engine cycle consisting of the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes, as well as the significance of air-fuel ratios for combustion efficiency. The chapter also includes examples and activities related to calculating heating values and specific gravities of fuels.

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16 views21 pages

Chapter 9 - Combustion Engine Testing

Chapter 9 discusses internal combustion engines, including their nomenclature, performance testing, and the heating value of fuels. It explains the engine cycle consisting of the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes, as well as the significance of air-fuel ratios for combustion efficiency. The chapter also includes examples and activities related to calculating heating values and specific gravities of fuels.

Uploaded by

lgcacemtech
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 9:

Internal Combustion
Engine
Heating Value of Fuel

1. Internal combustion engine nomenclature


2. Indicated engine performance
3. Brake engine performance
4. Engine performance testing
5. The cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine
Engine emissions testing
Internal Combustion
Engine
Any of a group of devices in which the
reactants of combustion (oxidizer and
fuel) and the products of combustion
serve as the working fluids of the
engine.
Internal Combustion Engine
Intake Stroke
The engine cycle begins with the intake stroke as the piston is
pulled towards the crankshaft (to the left in the figure).
Compression Stroke
With both valves closed, the combination of the cylinder and
combustion chamber form a completely closed vessel containing
the fuel/air mixture. As the piston is pushed to the right, the
volume is reduced and the fuel/air mixture is compressed during
the compression stroke.
Power Stroke
At the beginning of the power stroke, the electrical contact is
opened. The sudden opening of the contact produces a spark in
the combustion chamber which ignites the fuel/air mixture. Rapid
combustion of the fuel releases heat, and produces exhaust gases
in the combustion chamber..
Exhaust Stroke
At the end of the power stroke, the piston is located at the far left.
Heat that is left over from the power stroke is now transferred to
the water in the water jacket until the pressure approaches
atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve is then opened by the
cam pushing on the rocker arm to begin the exhaust stroke.
How does it work?
Heating Value of Fuel

The heat value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during its combustion. Also
referred to as energy or calorific value, heat value is a measure of a fuel's energy
density, and is expressed in energy (joules) per specified amount (e.g. kilograms).

1. Heating Value of solid fuels, : KJ/kg

2. Heating value of liquid fuels, : KJ/kg


°API and °BAUME

The API (American Petroleum Institute) number is a unique number assigned to


every oil and gas well. It is used by agencies to identify and track oil and gas wells.
For Petroleum Products: °API =

A hydrometer calibrated to read degrees of Baume, which is a pair of scales: one for
liquids heavier than water and one for liquids lighter than water.
For brine: °BAUME =

Specific gravity with correction factors due to temperature effect:


Theoretical Air – Fuel Ratio for Solid
Fuels
◦ Theoretical Air-Fuel Ratio - it is the ratio (usually of mass) between air and flammable
gas or vapor at which complete combustion or chemical combination takes place.
1. A/F = 11.5C kg air/kg fuel

Actual Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) - is the mass ratio of air to a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel
present in a combustion process.
2. A/F = (Theoretical A/F)(1 e) kg air/kg fuel
Theoretical Air – Fuel Ratio for Molal &
Mass Basis
1. Theoritical Air-Fuel Ratio
Molal basis: Theorictical A/F = x 3.76x
Mass basis: Theoritical A/F =
2. For perfect combustion:
x=
3. Actual Air-Fuel Ratio:
Actual A/F = Theoretical A/F (1 e)
Theoretical Air – Fuel Ratio for Molal &
Mass Basis
4. Excess air, e:
e=

5. Percent Theoretical air =

6. Overall thermal efficiency:


η=
Examples
1. A diesel power plant uses fuel that has a density of 892.74 kg/m3 at 15.66°C. Find the
heating value.
A. 44,690 KJ/kg C. 43,000 KJ/kg
B. 19,301 Btu/lb D. 4356.2 KJ/kg
Examples
2. A diesel power plant uses fuel with heating value of 45,038.8 KJ/kg. What is the density
of fuel at 30°C?
A. 0.9 kg/li C. 0.850 kg/li
B. 0.877 kg/li D. 0.878 kg/li
Examples
3. The specific gravity of fuel oil having a heating value of 44,899.2 KJ/kg is:
A. 0.90 C. 0.877
B. 0.80 D. 0.893
Examples
4. A diesel power plant consumes 650 liters of fuel at 26℃ in 24 hours with 28°API. Find
the fuel rate in kg/hr.
A. 23.83 C. 22.85
B. 24.85 D. 26.85
Examples
5. A diesel electric plant in one of the remote provinces in the South utilizes diesel fuel
with an "API of 28 at 15.6°C. The plant consumes 680 liters of diesel fuel at 26.6℃ in 24
hrs, while the power generated for the same period amounts to 1,980 KW-hrs. Determine
overall thermal efficiency of the plant
A. 26.47% C. 23.45%
B. 12.34% D. 34.34%
ACTIVITY
1. Given the following ultimate analysis:
C = 70% O2 = 4% N2=5% S2= 6% Moisture = 8%
H2 = 3% Ash = 5%
Using 25% excess air, determine the actual air fuel ratio.

2. The specific gravity of oil tested at 29.4C is 0.852. Find its API in degrees.

3. Determine the air-fuel ratio on a molar basis for the complete combustion of octane, with
theoretical amount of air.

4.A diesel power plant consumes 650 liters of fuel at 26C in 24 hours with 28°API. Find the fuel
rate in kg/hr.

5. A diesel power plant uses fuel that has a density of 892.74 kg/m 3 at 15.67C. Find the heating
value of fuel.

6. A diesel power plant uses fuel with heating value of 45,038.8 KJ/kg. What is the density of fuel
at 30°C?

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