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Syntax

The document outlines various categories of nouns, including common and proper nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, and collective nouns. It also discusses adjectives and adverbs, their functions, and the structure of adjective and adverb phrases, as well as prepositions and prepositional phrases. Overall, it serves as a guide to understanding sentence structure and the roles of different parts of speech.

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Hery Purnomo
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6 views15 pages

Syntax

The document outlines various categories of nouns, including common and proper nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, and collective nouns. It also discusses adjectives and adverbs, their functions, and the structure of adjective and adverb phrases, as well as prepositions and prepositional phrases. Overall, it serves as a guide to understanding sentence structure and the roles of different parts of speech.

Uploaded by

Hery Purnomo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sentence Structure Categories

• A noun is a word used to name a person,


animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.

Noun is divided into:


Common Noun and Proper Noun
• A common noun is a general name
common to all the people, all the things,
all the place, etc… that are of the same
type.
– Boys (there are many boys and they are all
referred to as boys)
– Cat (there are many cats in the world, and
each one is a cat)
• A proper noun is a particular name. A
proper noun is the opposite of a
common noun.
– Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (there is only
one Indonesian president called Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono. No one else has this
particular name)
– Mount everest (There is only one place in
the world that has this name)
It should be noted that all key words in proper noun are
always written with capital letters at the beginning.
Countable Noun and Uncountable Noun
• A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun with
both a singular and a plural form, and it names
anything (or anyone) that you can count. You can
make a countable noun plural and attach it to a
plural verb in a sentence. Countable nouns are the
opposite of non-countable nouns and collective
nouns.
In each of the following sentences, the
highlighted words are countable nouns:
• We painted the table red and the chairs blue.
• Since he inherited his aunt's library, Jerome
• A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun
which does not have a plural form, and which refers
to something that you could (or would) not usually
count. A non-countable noun always takes a
singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns
are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite
of countable nouns.
The highlighted words in the following
sentences are non-countable nouns:
– Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen.
– Borobudur temple is our pride
Collective Nouns
• A collective noun is the name of a number (or
a collection) of persons or things taken
together and spoken of as one whole
– An army ( a collection of soldiers)
– A crowd ( a collection of people)
Lexical and Phrasal Categories
(Noun Phrase)
Adjectives and Adverbs
• Adjectives are words that describe nouns or
pronouns. They may come before the word they
describe (That is a cute puppy.) or they may follow
the word they describe (That puppy is cute.).
• Limiting adjectives (or determiners) include the
following categories:
– Articles (a, an, the)
– Possessive Adjectives (my, his, her, your, our, it’s, their)
– Demonstrative Adjectives (this, that, there, those, such
and younger)
– Interrogative adjectives (whose, which, what)
– Quantifiers (e.g. Two, twenty, much, several, etc)
• Adverbs are words that modify everything but
nouns and pronouns. They modify adjectives, verbs,
and other adverbs. A word is an adverb if it answers
how, when, or where.
• Adverbs of manner
• Alice studies hard
• Mr. Avery drives slowly
• Adverbs of Place
• Prof. Ober went home
• Mr. and Mrs. Ober live here
• Adverbs of time
• He is working now
• He will finish soon
Adjective Phrase and Adverb Phrase
• An adjective phrase usually starts with a preposition (e.g., of, in, on) or a
participle (e.g., taken, leaving) and follows the noun it is modifying.

Example:

- This is the end of a very long road.

adjective phrase

Example:

- Did you see the man leaving the shop?

adjective phrase

•
• An adverbial phrase is a group of related words
which play the role of an adverb. Like all phrases,
an adverbial phrase does not include a subject
and a verb.
Example:
~ Tony decided to move to Reading yesterday.
(normal adverb)
~ Tony decided to move to Slough in June last
year. (adverbial phrase)
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

• A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to


other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that
the preposition introduces is called the object of the
preposition.
– The book is on the table.
– The library is beside the office.
• Prepositional phrase is a group of words
made up of a preposition, its object, and any
of the object's modifiers.
• "On the counter near the stove in a silvery pan was a
deep-dish berry cobbler."
(Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye. Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1970)

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