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Chapter 1

The document outlines a syllabus for a course on Engineering Hydrology, covering topics such as hydrographs, flood estimation, groundwater, and flood routing. It aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the hydrological cycle and its applications in engineering, including water resource management and flood risk assessment. Learning outcomes include the ability to analyze hydrologic data, compute unit hydrographs, and perform groundwater calculations.

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Chan Nyein Thu
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15 views27 pages

Chapter 1

The document outlines a syllabus for a course on Engineering Hydrology, covering topics such as hydrographs, flood estimation, groundwater, and flood routing. It aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the hydrological cycle and its applications in engineering, including water resource management and flood risk assessment. Learning outcomes include the ability to analyze hydrologic data, compute unit hydrographs, and perform groundwater calculations.

Uploaded by

Chan Nyein Thu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE-41026

Engineering Hydrology

Daw Yin Mon Phyo


Syllabus
Hydrographs, Unit hydrographs, Application of unit hydrographs

 Flood Estimation, Rational method, Flood frequency method, Low-


flow frequency analysis

Ground water, Well hydraulics, Safe yield

Flood routing, Hydrologic storage and channel routing


Objectives and Synopsis
• To comprehend basic concepts of the water cycle and hydrology and to be
able to perform engineering hydrology computation.
• To learn fundamental principles for analyzing problems in hydrology at the
watershed scale.
• The course is designed to provide the technical basis for understanding of
the hydrological cycle (both surface and subsurface hydrology).
• These principles include physical processes, analytical concepts and their
expressions.
• Opportunities are available to learn design solutions for project components
such as reservoirs , spillways, flood risk assessment and water resources
management.
Learning Outcomes

1. To identify the essential components and functions of the hydrologic


cycle including precipitation, evaporation/evapotranspiration, overland
flow and surface storage, groundwater flow and storage, flood routing and
water quality
2. To compute develop unit hydrographs based on stream flow data, and
conduct basic unit hydrograph analysis
3. To conduct frequency analysis on hydrologic data to determine return
period or recurrence interval
4. To perform hydrologic and hydraulic routing using governing equations
for river routing
5. To compute groundwater drawdown based on water well withdraw
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. Introduction
• Hydrology means the science of water (occurrence, circulation and
distribution of water of the earth & earth’s atmosphere)

• Branch of earth science-concerned with the water in streams & lakes,


rainfall & snowfall, snow & ice on land and water in pores of the soil &
rock

• Inter-disciplinary nature drawing support from all sciences (meteorology,


geology, statistics, chemistry, physics and fluid mechanics)
Hydrology is an applied science and classified as

i. Scientific hydrology – academic aspects

ii. Engineering or applied hydrology – engineering applications


i. Estimation of water resources

ii. Study of processes such as precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration and


their interaction

iii. Study of problems such as flood and drought and strategies to combat them
1.2. The Hydrologic Cycle

• Water occurs on the earth in three states ( liquid, solid, gaseous) in


various degree of motion

• Evaporation of water from water bodies (oceans & lakes), formation


and movement of clouds, rain & snowfall, streamflow and ground
water (dynamic aspects)
Hydrologic cycle is a vast and complicated cycle in a large
number of paths of varying time scales
• Each path of hydrologic involves
• Transportation of water
• Temporary storage
• Change of state
Example;
• The process of rainfall (change of state & transportation)
• Groundwater path (storage & transportation)
Main components of hydrologic cycle
• The quantities of water through various individual paths of the
hydrologic cycle in a given system can be described by the continuity
principle known as water budget equation or hydrologic equation

• Total water resources of earth are constant, sun is source of energy for
hydrologic cycle
• Hydrological cycle has important influences in a variety of fields
(agriculture, forestry, geography, economics, sociology, political
scene)
• Design and operation of projects
 water supply,
 irrigation and drainage ,
 power, flood control,
 navigation,
 costal works,
 salinity control,
 recreation uses of water
1.3 Water Budget Equation
Catchment Area
The area of land draining into a stream or a water course at a given location is
known as catchment area . (drainage area or drainage basin) (watershed)
Water Budget Equation
Continuity equation for water , interval of time Δt

Mass inflow-mass outflow = change in mass storage

If density of inflow, outflow and storage volumes are same

=inflow volume of water into problem area during the time period
= outflow volume of water into problem area during the time
period
= change in storage water volume over and under the given area
during the time period
In hydrologic calculations, volumes are expressed as average depths over the
catchment area
If the annual stream flow from 100km2 catchment is 107 m3,
Depth ,
Rainfall, evaporation and runoff volumes are expressed in units of depth over
the catchment

Water budget of catchment for a time interval Δt is

P = precipitation R= surface runoff E= evaporation


T= transportation = change in storage
G=net groundwater flow out of catchment
Storage S consists of three components

surface water storage water in storage as soil moisture


water in storage as groundwater

Rainfall-runoff relationship

L = losses = water not available to runoff due to infiltration,


evaporation, transpiration and surface storage
Example 1.1
A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2 m above datum at the beginning
of a certain month. In the same period the outflow from the lake had an
average value of 6.5m3/s. further, in the month, the lake received a rainfall of
145mm and the evaporation from the lake surface was estimated as 6.10cm.
Write the water budgIn that month the lake received an average inflow of
6.0m3/s from surface runoff sources. et equation for the lake and calculate the
water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month. The average lake
surface area can be taken as 5000ha. Assume that there is no contribution to or
from the groundwater storage.
Example 1.2
A small catchment of area 150 ha received a rainfall of 10.5 cm in 90
minutes due to a storm. At the outlet of the catchment, the stream
draining the catchment was dry before the storm and experienced a
runoff lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge of 1.5 m3/s. The
stream was again dry after the runoff event. (a) What is the amount of
water which was not available to runoff due to combined effect of
infiltration, evaporation and transpiration? What is the ratio of runoff to
precipitation?
1.4 World Water Balance
1.5 History of Hydrology
1.6 Applications in Engineering
Design and operation of water resources
• Irrigation
• Water supply
• Flood control
• Water power
• Navigation
Assessment of following factors
• The capacity of storage structures such as reservoirs
• The magnitude of flood flows to enable safe disposal of the excess flow
• The minimum flow and quantity if flow available at various seasons
• The interaction of the flood wave and hydraulic structures, such as levees,
reservoirs, barrages and bridges
Hydrologic failure
Failure of hydraulic structures

i. Overtopping and consequent failure of an earthen dam due to an


inadequate spillway capacity

ii. Failure of bridges and culverts due to excess flood flow

iii. Inability of a large reservoirs to fill up with water due to


overestimation of streamflow
1.7 Sources of Data
• Weather records – temperature, humidity and wind velocity
• Precipitation data
• Stream flow records
• Evaporation and evapotranspiration data
• Infiltration characteristics of the study area
• Soils of the area
• Land use and land cover
• Groundwater characteristics
• Physical and geological characteristics of the area
• Water quality data

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