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(2-3) Random Variables and Probability Distributions

The document covers the concepts of probability, random variables, and probability distributions, defining key terms such as sample space, events, and experiments. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous random variables and provides examples of constructing probability distributions. Additionally, it includes various examples of calculating the probability of simple events.

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Princess Angel Lim
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4 views

(2-3) Random Variables and Probability Distributions

The document covers the concepts of probability, random variables, and probability distributions, defining key terms such as sample space, events, and experiments. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous random variables and provides examples of constructing probability distributions. Additionally, it includes various examples of calculating the probability of simple events.

Uploaded by

Princess Angel Lim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Random Variables

&
Probability
Distributions
WEEK 2 & 3 – 3 QUARTER
1. Define what is
probability.
2. Explore random
LEARNING OUTCOME variables.
3. Construct
probability
distributions.
4. Find the probability
of a simple event.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Probability
• describes the level of certainty, likelihood,
chance or possibility.

• probability (outcome) can be expressed in


decimal, fraction or percentage.

• Probability Distribution is a table, graph, formula


or notation which supplies the probability of a
given outcome’s occurrence.
2. Sample Space (S)
• set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
- INFINITE Sample Space – if the number in the sample
space is not finite.

- FINITE Sample Space – if the number in the sample


space is finite or definite.

- NULL Sample Space – it has no element in the sample


space.

3. Cardinality or n(S) – total number of


events in the sample space.
4. Event (E)
• a subset of the sample space
• set of all expected outcomes from the sample
space
- SIMPLE Event – an event that contains only
one sample point.
- COMPOUND Event – an event that contains
more than one sample point.
5. Experiment
• simple process of noting an outcome
• outcome – a direct measurement or answer
obtained after an experiment.
RANDOM VARIABLES

- a variable determined by chance, denoted by x.


- a numerical description of the outcome of a statistical
experiment.
Example: Find the values of the random variables
of tossing a coin.
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
RANDOM RANDOM
VARIABLE VARIABLE
- A random variable that - A random variable that
can take on a finite or take an infinitely
countably infinite number uncountable number of
of distinct values. possible values, typically
measurable quantities.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
- number of heads obtains
when tossing a coin thrice
- height/ weight of a person
- number of present
students in a given time
- body temperature
Probability Distribution

Example: Construct a probability distribution for rolling


a single die.

- The sum of all probabilities should be 1.


- Probabilities should be from 0 and 1.
Probability Distribution

Example: Supposed three coins are tossed. Let x be


the random variable representing the number of tails
and create a probability distribution.
PROBABILITY OF Example: In tossing a coin,
A SIMPLE EVENT what is the probability of
getting a head?
PROBABILITY OF Example: In tossing 3
A SIMPLE EVENT coins, what is the
probability of getting a
tail?
HISTOGRAM FOR THE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

Probability P(X)
Number of Tails (X)
Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
One Coin

Two Coins

Four coins | n(S) = 24 = 16


Three Coins
Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Four coins | n(S) = 24 = 16

What is the probability of


getting:
a) no tail

b) 2 tails

c) 1 head

d) at least 2 tails

e) at most 3 tails:
Example: Without
PROBABILITY OF
A SIMPLE EVENT
replacement, a card is
drawn from a well-
shuffled pack of 52 cards.
What is the probability of
getting:
a) 5 of spades

b) queen

c) red king

d) a black face card


PROBABILITY OF Example: Rolling a die
A SIMPLE EVENT
once.

What is the probability of


getting:
a) 1 as a success in
(fraction)
b) even number in
(percent)
c) not a five
(decimal)
d) a 7 (fraction)
PROBABILITY OF Example: Rolling 2 dice.
A SIMPLE EVENT

What is the probability of


getting:
a) 3 as a success in
(fraction)

b) sum of 9 (percent)
PROBABILITY OF A box containing 30 red,
A SIMPLE EVENT 20 blue and 40 green
marbles.

Without replacement, what is the probability of


getting:
a) green

b) blue or red

c) not a blue
PROBABILITY OF A SIMPLE EVENT

Your aunt has 3 children, what is the


probability that they are all girls?
Without replacement, what is the probability of
getting:
a) not a girl

b) 1 son, 2 daughter

c) 2 son, 1 daughter
PROBABILITY OF A SIMPLE EVENT
A number from 1 to 10 is selected
randomly.
a) Find the probability of d) Find the probability of
choosing multiples of 10.​ choosing an odd number or
divisible by 3.

b) Find the probability


of choosing an even e) Find the probability of
number. choosing an odd number and
divisible by 3.
c) Find the probability of
choosing an odd number.

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