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CH 4

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was established as a replacement for DES due to security vulnerabilities and was selected from 15 candidates in 2000. AES, designed by Rijmen-Daemen, utilizes an iterative structure with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits and operates on 128-bit data blocks through multiple rounds of transformation. The encryption process includes stages such as byte substitution, row shifting, column mixing, and key addition, with a corresponding decryption process that reverses these steps.

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12 views23 pages

CH 4

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was established as a replacement for DES due to security vulnerabilities and was selected from 15 candidates in 2000. AES, designed by Rijmen-Daemen, utilizes an iterative structure with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits and operates on 128-bit data blocks through multiple rounds of transformation. The encryption process includes stages such as byte substitution, row shifting, column mixing, and key addition, with a corresponding decryption process that reverses these steps.

Uploaded by

teddy haile
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4

Advanced Encryption Standard


(AES)
AES Origins
 clear a replacement for DES was needed

have theoretical attacks that can break it

have demonstrated exhaustive key search attacks
 can use Triple-DES – but slow, has small blocks
 US NIST issued call for ciphers in 1997
 15 candidates accepted in Jun 98
 5 were shortlisted in Aug-99
 Rijndael was selected as the AES in Oct-2000
 issued as FIPS PUB 197 standard in Nov-2001
AES Evaluation Criteria
• initial criteria:
– security – effort for practical cryptanalysis
– cost – in terms of computational efficiency
– algorithm & implementation characteristics
• final criteria
– general security
– ease of software & hardware implementation
– implementation attacks
– flexibility (in en/decrypt, keying, other factors)
The AES Cipher - Rijndael
 designed by Rijmen-Daemen in Belgium
 has 128/192/256 bit keys, 128 bit data
 an iterative rather than Feistel cipher

processes data as block of 4 columns of 4 bytes

operates on entire data block in every round
 designed to have:

resistance against known attacks

speed and code compactness on many CPUs

design simplicity
AES
Encryption
Process
AES Structure
 data block of 4 columns of 4 bytes is state
 key is expanded to array of words
 has 9/11/13 rounds in which state undergoes:

byte substitution (1 S-box used on every byte)

shift rows (permute bytes between groups/columns)

mix columns (subs using matrix multiply of groups)

add round key (XOR state with key material)

view as alternating XOR key & scramble data bytes
 initial XOR key material & incomplete last round
 with fast XOR & table lookup implementation
AES Structure
Some Comments on AES
1. an iterative rather than Feistel cipher
2. key expanded into array of 32-bit words
1. four words form round key in each round
3. 4 different stages are used as shown
4. has a simple structure
5. only AddRoundKey uses key
6. AddRoundKey a form of Vernam cipher
7. each stage is easily reversible
8. decryption uses keys in reverse order
9. decryption does recover plaintext
10. final round has only 3 stages
Substitute Bytes
 a simple substitution of each byte
 uses one table of 16x16 bytes containing a
permutation of all 256 8-bit values
 each byte of state is replaced by byte indexed by
row (left 4-bits) & column (right 4-bits)

eg. byte {95} is replaced by byte in row 9 column 5

which has value {2A}
 S-box constructed using defined transformation
of values in GF(28)
 designed to be resistant to all known attacks
Substitute Bytes
Substitute Bytes Example
2. Shift Rows
• 1st row is unchanged
• 2nd row does 1 byte circular shift to left
• 3rd row does 2 byte circular shift to left
• 4th row does 3 byte circular shift to left
Mix Columns
 each column is processed separately
 each byte is replaced by a value
dependent on all 4 bytes in the column
 effectively a matrix multiplication in GF(28)
using prime poly m(x) =x8+x4+x3+x+1
3. Mix Columns
Add Round Key
 XOR state with 128-bits of the round key
 again processed by column (though
effectively a series of byte operations)
 inverse for decryption identical

since XOR own inverse, with reversed keys
 designed to be as simple as possible
Add Round Key
AES Key Expansion

 takes 128-bit (16-byte) key and expands


into array of 44/52/60 32-bit words
 start by copying key into first 4 words
 then loop creating words that depend on
values in previous & 4 places back

in 3 of 4 cases just XOR these together

1st word in 4 has rotate + S-box + XOR round
constant on previous, before XOR 4th back
AES Key Expansion
AES Key Expansion
• Use four byte words called wi. Subkey = 4 words.
For AES-128:
• First subkey (w3,w2,w1,w0) = cipher key
• Other words are calculated as follows:
wi=wi-1  wi-4
for all values of i that are not multiples of 4.
• For the words with indices that are a multiple of 4 (w4k):
1. RotWord: Bytes of w4k-1 are rotated left shift (nonlinearity)
2. SubWord: SubBytes fn is applied to all four bytes. (Diffusion)
3. The result rsk is XOR'ed with w4k-4 and a round constant rconk (breaks
Symmetry):
w4k=rsk  w4k-4  rconk
• For AES-192 and AES-256, the key expansion is more complex.
AES Example Key Expansion
AES Decryption
 AES decryption is not identical to
encryption since steps done in reverse
 but can define an equivalent inverse
cipher with steps as for encryption

but using inverses of each step

with a different key schedule
 works since result is unchanged when

swap byte substitution & shift rows

swap mix columns & add (tweaked) round key
AES Decryption

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