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Prelim

The document outlines the importance of statistics in engineering, covering topics such as data collection methods, data presentation techniques, and measures of central tendency. It emphasizes the role of statistical techniques in product design, testing, and quality assessment. Various methods for data collection, including direct observation, experiments, and surveys, are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.

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5 views26 pages

Prelim

The document outlines the importance of statistics in engineering, covering topics such as data collection methods, data presentation techniques, and measures of central tendency. It emphasizes the role of statistical techniques in product design, testing, and quality assessment. Various methods for data collection, including direct observation, experiments, and surveys, are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.

Uploaded by

iclemente
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ENGINEERIN

G DATA
ANALYSIS
Instructor:
BJERN CORTADO-LOAÑA
BASIC STATISTICS
• Statistics in Engineering
• Collecting Engineering Data
• Data summary and Presentation
• Probability Distributions
- Discrete Probability Distribution
- Continuous Probability Distribution
• Sampling Distributions of the Mean and
Proportion
STATISTICS IN ENGINEERING
Statistics is the area of science that deals with collection,
organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.
It also deals with methods and techniques that can be used to draw
conclusions about the characteristics of a large number of data
points, commonly called a population.
By using smaller subset of the entire data called sample.
Because many aspects of engineering practice involve working with
data, obviously some knowledge of statistics is important to an
engineer.
Specifically, statistical techniques can
be a powerful aid in designing new
products and systems, improving
existing designs, and improving
production process.
Engineers apply physical and chemical
laws and mathematics to design,
develop, test, and supervise various
products and services.
Engineers perform tests to learn how
things behave under stress, and at
what point they might fail.
• As engineers perform experiments, they collect data that can be
used to explain relationships better and to reveal information about
the quality of products and services they provide.
COLLECTING ENGINEERING DATA
Direct observation
the simplest method of observing data
advantage: Relatively inexpensive
drawbacks: difficult to produce useful information since it does not consider all
aspects regarding the issues.
Experiments
more expensive method but better way to produce data
data produced are called experimental
Surveys
most familiar method of data collection

Personal interview
has the advantage of having higher expected response rate
fewer incorrect respondents
DATA PRESENTATION

Data can be summarized or presented in two ways:


1. Tabular
2. Charts / graphs
The presentations usually depends on the type
(nature) of data whether the data is in qualitative
(such as gender and ethnic group) or quantitative
(such as income and CGPA).
QUALITATIVE DATA
Tabular presentation for qualitative data is ususally in the form of frequency
table that is a table represents the number of times the observation occurs
in the data.
The most popular charts for qualitative data are:
1. Bar chart / column chart;
2. Pie chart; and
3. Line chart.
EXAMPLE:
Bar chart: used to display the
Frequency table frequency distribution in the graphical
form
Observation Frequency
Malay 33
Chinese 9
Indian 6
Others 2
Pie chart: used to display the frequency
distribution. It displays the ration of the
observations
Line chart: used to display the trend of
observations. It is very popular display for the
data which represent time.
Tabular presentation for quantitative data is usually in the form of
frequency of the observation that fall inside some specific classes
(intervals)
There are few graphs available for the graphical presentation of the
quantitative data. The most popular graphs are:
1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon; and
3. ogive
Example: Frequency Distribution
CGPA (Class) Frequency
2.50-2.75 2
2.75-3.00 10
3.00-3.25 15
3.25-3.50 13
3.50-3.75 7
3.75-4.00 3
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• MEAN
Mead of a sample is the sum of the sample data divided by the total
number sample. Mean for ungroup data is given by:

Mean for group data is given by:


MEDIAN:
the middle value after the data is arranged from the lowest to
the highest value. If the number data is even, median is the average
of the two middle values

MODE:
the value with the highest frequency in a data set.

* It is important to note that there can be more than one mode and if
no number occurs more than once in the set, then there is no mode
for that set of numbers.
EXAMPLE: UNGROUPED DATA
EXAMPLE: GROUPED DATA
• A large variance means that the
individual scores (data) of the sample
deviate a lot from the mean.
• A small variance indicates the scores
(data) deviate little from the mean.

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