Digital Logic Design

Chapter-One

Introduction to Digital
Systems

Instructor: Dr. Tamiru Debela

Assistant Professor, School of Electrical
and Computer Engineering
Haramaya Institute of Technology
Haramaya University
Email: [email protected] 16 Dec, 2024
Phone: 0941464732

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I

Outline

• Numerical representation

• Analog and digital

representation
• Pulses and digital waveforms

• Basic logic gates

• Integrated circuits

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 1

 Numerical representation
 Most naturally occurring physical quantities in our world
are analog
in nature.

 Quantities are measured, monitored, recorded,

manipulated arithmetically, observed in most
physical systems.

 When we dealing with quantities it is important:

 To represent their values efficiently and accurately.

 Two ways to represent them:

1. Analog representation
2. Digital representation Year II, Sem I 2
Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems
 Analog representation
 Represent a quantity by a continuous variable, proportional
indicator.

 Characteristic of analog quantities:

 They can vary over a continuous range of values

 Example:
 Speedometer
 Thermometer

 In electrical mean, the measured/ processed physical

quantity is converted to a proportional electrical signal
which is used for display, processing or control purposes.

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 3

 Digital representation
 Digital describes any system based on discontinuous data
or events.
 Represents a quantity by a symbol, called digits.
 Characteristics of digital quantities:
 They are varied in discrete steps
 Example:
 Digital clock
 Digital weighting scale
Temperature
(F)

100
95
90

85
80
75

70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M. P.M.
4
Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I
 Digital and Analog systems
Digital systems:
Combination of devices designed to manipulate logical
information or physical quantities that are represented in


digital form.
 Example: digital calculator
Analog system:
Devices that manipulate physical quantities that are
represented in analog form


 Example: magnetic tape recording and playback equipment

 Many systems use a mix of analog and digital
electronics
CD drive
10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier
Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music Speaker
audio signal
Sound
waves
5
Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I
Advantage and challenges of digital
systems
Advantage:
 Digital systems are
Challenges: The real world is
easier to design analog


Information storage is Digital systems can

easy: be
 

fragile
Accuracy and precision
are easier to maintain Processing


throughout the system digitized signals



takes time
Operation can
be Digital circuits


programmed use more



energy than
Digital circuits are
analog.
less affected by


noise Digital circuits are

made from analog

They can be
and must make sure
fabricated on IC chips

the digital behavior
Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems is not
Yearaffected
II, Sem I by the 6
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels
 Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states,
which are
represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW.

 These voltages represent numbers in the binary system.

 In binary, a single number is
called a bit (for binary
digit).
VH(max)
HIGH

 A bit can have the value of

VH(min)
Invalid

either a 0 or a 1, depending
VL(max)

on if the voltage is HIGH or

LOW

LOW.
VL(min)

 A combination
Chapter 1| Introductionof these
to digital systems Year III, Sem II 7
 Pulses and digital waveforms
 Pulses are voltage levels which are normally changing
back & forth
between the LOW and HIGH levels

 Positive going pulse: one that goes from normally LOW

logic level to a HIGH level and then back again

 Negative going pulse: on that goes from a normally HIGH

logic level to a LOW level and then back again.

 Digital waveforms are then made up of a series of

pulses
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge
HIGH trailing edge leading edge HIGH trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 8

 Pulses and digital waveforms
Generally, a digital signal (waveform) is described using
terms such as:


Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 9

 Pulses and digital waveforms
 Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise
time, fall
time, ringing, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop

Amplitude 90%
tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line
Undershoot
tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 10

Waveform characteristics

f  T
1 T 1 f

1
1
T  f 3.2  313 ps
 GHz
Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 11
 Waveform characteristics
 A nonperiodic waveform is one that does not repeat
itself at a fixed
intervals.

 It may be composed of pulses of randomly differing

pulse widths and/or randomly differing time intervals
between the pulses

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 12

 Binary digit logic level and digital waveform

 Digital systems are based on binary numbers and operate using two distinct states

or logic levels.

 Key elements include:

o Binary Digits (Bits): The fundamental unit of digital information.

o Logic Levels: Represent binary values (0 and 1) using specific voltage levels.

o Digital Waveforms: The graphical representation of digital signals over time.

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I

 Binary digit logic level and digital waveform

Binary Digits (Bits)

 Definition:
A binary digit, or bit, is the smallest unit of data in a digital system.

 Binary System:

o Base-2 numbering system, using only two values: 0 and 1.

o Examples:

 Decimal 5 = Binary 101.

 Decimal 10 = Binary 1010.

ii

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I

 Cont…
. Logic Levels

 Definition:
Logic levels are voltage ranges that represent binary states (0 and 1) in a digital
circuit.

 Standard Logic Levels:

o High (Logic 1): A higher voltage level, e.g., +5V or +3.3V.

o Low (Logic 0): A lower voltage level, e.g., 0V (ground)

iii.

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I

 Cont…
Digital Waveform

 Definition:
A digital waveform is a time-domain representation of a digital signal, showing
transitions between logic levels.

 Key Features of Digital Waveforms:

1. Amplitude: Represents voltage levels (e.g., 0V and +5V).

2. Time Period (T): The duration of one complete cycle.

3. Frequency (f): The number of cycles per second

iv.

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I

 Cont…
Types of Digital Waveforms

A. Periodic Digital Waveforms:

o Repeats at regular intervals.

o Example: Clock signals used in microprocessors.

B.Non-Periodic Digital Waveforms:

o Do not have a repetitive pattern.

Example: Data signals in communication systems

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I

 Basic logic gates
 Logic gate is an elementary building block of
modern digital electronics.
 Logic gate is a circuit that performs a specific logic
operation.

True only if all input conditions

are true.

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite

condition.

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 19

 Basic functions of logic gates
 AND, OR, and NOT elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:

The comparison function Comparator

A>
B
Two A
binary Outputs
numbers A=
B B
A<
B

Basic arithmetic functions Adder

A
Σ Sum
Two
binary
numbers Carry out
B Cout

Carry in
Cin

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 20

Basic functions of logic gates

HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
4
The encoding function
storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator
keypad

The decoding function

Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 21

Basic functions of logic gates

The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
Ato D B to E C to F Ato D
∆t1
∆t1
B ∆t 1 ∆t 2 ∆t 3 ∆t 1 E

∆t2 ∆t2

C ∆t3 ∆t3 F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 22

 Basic functions of logic gates

The counting function

Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses
Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.

…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year II, Sem I 23

Chapter 1| Introduction to digital systems Year III, Sem II 31