• Fundamentals of electrical machines : Fleming’s

left hand and right hand rule, mutual inductance

and mutual coupling phenomena in transformer,
transformer – working, concept of turns ratio and
applications, transformer on DC, instrument
transformers, auto-transformer, dc machines-
working principles, classification, starting, speed
control and applications of dc motors, working
principle of single and three phase induction
motors, applications of ac motors
The relation between the direction of induced
emf and the direction of motion of the
conductor is?
a) Parallel
b) Equal
c) Not related
d) Perpendicular
According to Fleming’s right hand rule, the
thumb points towards?
a) Current
b) E.M.F.
c) Motion of the conductor
d) Magnetic flux
 TRANSFORMER
Principle of Operation: Mutual inductance and
mutual coupling phenomena in transformer
• Construction
• Working
• Concept of Turns Ratio
• Applications
• Transformer on DC
• Autotransformer
• Instrument transformers
 Necessity of a Transformer

• Usually, electrical power is generated at 11Kv. For

economical reasons AC power is transmitted at
very high voltages say 220 kV or 440 kV over long
distances. Therefore a step-up transformer is
applied at the generating stations.
• Now for safety reasons the voltage is stepped
down to different levels by step down
transformer at various substations to feed the
power to the different locations and thus the
utilisation of power is done at 400/230 V.
A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC electrical
power from one circuit to the other circuit at the constant frequency, but
the voltage level can be altered that means voltage can be increased or
decreased according to the requirement.
In Brief, A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two
or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Function of transformer is to

a) Convert AC to DC
b) Convert DC to AC
c)Step down or up the DC voltages and
currents
d)Step down or up the AC voltages and
currents
TRANSFORMER SYMBOLS
Principle of operation

It is based on
principle of MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil
current when in
neighbouring
changes. the
coil
 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
It works on the principle of Electromagnetic induction.

The current flowing in the primary winding of the transformers creates a

magnetic field, magnetic flux flows to the secondary side of
the transformers, which induces EMF in the winding and current flows when the
circuit is closed.

A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in
turn induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" in a second coil.
If secondary number of turns are higher then,
transformer is called
a) Step-down
b) Step-up
c) One-one
d) Autotransformer
If primary number of turns are higher then,
transformer is called
a) Step-down
b) Step-up
c) One-one
d) Autotransformer
PARTS OF THE
TRANSFORMER
BASIC PARTS OF
A TRANSFORMER
 These are the basic components of a transformer.
 Laminated core

 Windings

 Insulating materials

 Transformer oil

 Tap changer

 Oil Conservator

 Breather

 Cooling tubes
CORE
CORE
 The core acts as support to the winding in the
transformer. It also provides a low reluctance path to
the flow of magnetic flux.
 It is made of laminated soft iron core in order to

reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss.

 The composition of a transformer core depends

on such as factors voltage, current, and frequency.

 The diameter of the transformer core is directly

proportional to copper loss and is inversely

proportional to iron loss.
 When the diameter of the core is increased, the

vice versa occurs.

Transformer core is designed to reduce

a) Hysteresis loss
b) Eddy current loss
c) Hysteresis loss and Eddy current loss
d) Cannot be determined
WINDING
WINDING
 Two sets of winding are made over the transformer
core and are insulated from each other. Winding
consists of several turns of copper conductors
bundled together, and connected connected in series.
 Winding can be classified in two different ways:

Based on the input and output supply Based

on the voltage range
 WINDING

 Within the input/output supply classification, winding

are further categorized:
 Primary winding - These are the winding to

which the input voltage is applied.

 Secondary winding - These are the winding to

which the output voltage is applied

 WINDING
 High voltage winding - It is made of copper
conductor. The number of turns made shall be
the multiple of the number of turns in the
low voltage winding. The conductor
used will be thinner than that of the low
voltage winding.
 Low voltage winding - It consists of fewer

number of turns than the high voltage

winding. It is made of thick copper
conductors. This is because the current in
the low voltage winding is higher than that of
high voltage winding.
Transformers windings are generally made of

a) Steel
b) Iron
c) Copper
d) Steel iron alloy
INSULATING MATERIALS

 Insulating paper and cardboard are used in

transformers to isolate primary and secondary
winding from each other and from the
transformer core.
 Transformer oil is another insulating material.

 Transformer oil performs two important

functions: in addition to insulating function,

it can also cool the core and coil assembly.
 The transformer's core and winding must be

completely immersed in the oil.

 CONSERVATO
R
 The conservator conserves the transformer oil. It is an
airtight, metallic, cylindrical drum that is fitted above
the transformer.
 The conservator is connected to the main tank inside

the transformer, which is completely filled with

transformer oil through a pipeline.
BREATHER
BREATHE
R
 The breather controls the moisture level in the

transformer. Moisture can arise when temperature

variations cause expansion and contraction of the
insulating oil, which then causes the pressure to
change inside the conservator.
 If the insulating oil encounters moisture, it can affect

the paper insulation or may even lead to internal

faults. Therefore, it is necessary that the air entering
the tank is moisture-free.
 The transformer's breather is a cylindrical container

that is filled with silica gel.

TAP
CHANGER
 TAP
CHANGER
 The output voltage of transformers vary according
to its input voltage and the load.

During loaded conditions, the voltage on the
output terminal decreases, whereas during off-load
conditions the output voltage increases. In order to
balance the voltage variations, tap changers are used.
 Tap changers can be either on-load tap changers or

off-load tap changers. In an on-load tap changer, the

tapping can be changed without isolating the
transformer from the supply.
 Automatic tap changers are also available.
COOLING TUBES
 COOLING TUBES
 Cooling tubes are used to cool the
transformer oil.
 The transformer oil is circulated through the
cooling tubes.
 The circulation of the oil may either be natural
or forced. In natural circulation, when the
temperature of the oil rises the hot oil naturally
rises to the top and the cold oil sinks
downward.
 Thus the oil naturally circulates through the
tubes. In forced circulation, an external pump is
used to circulate the oil.
As the transformer is basically a linear device, a ratio now exists
between the number of turns of the primary coil divided by the number
of turns of the secondary coil. This ratio, called the ratio of
transformation, more commonly known as a transformers “turns ratio”,
( TR ). This turns ratio value dictates the operation of the transformer
and the corresponding voltage available on the secondary winding.
TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY
•What will happen if the Primary of a
Transformer is Connected to D.C. Supply????
 Transformer doesn't work on a
DC
supply
According to the principle of
Transformer operation
It doesn't work on a DC
supply
since the rate of change of
flux is zero
 Applications of Transformers
1. For step up and step down of voltage.
2. For isolation between two circuits.
3. For impedance matching.
4.For measurement of current and voltage( current
transformer and potential transformer are used to measure
high currents and high voltages respectively)
5. In transmission and distribution network.
6. Also used in rectifier circuits.
7. It is also used in voltage regulators, power stabilizers.
 Applications and
uses of
•
Transformers
According to the necessity, transformers are classified into:
• Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers are used
for high voltage power transfer applications (more than 33
KV). They are usually bigger in size and can occupy larger
space.
• Distribution Transformers: These type of transformers are
used to distribute the generated power to distant locations. It is
used for distributing electricity at low voltage that is less than
33 KV in industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.
• Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of
transformer helps in measuring voltage, current, and power,
etc.
 Auto-Transformer
An Auto-transformer is an electrical transformer
with only one winding.
An autotransformer (or auto transformer) is a type of electrical transformer with
only one winding. The “auto” prefix refers to the single coil acting alone (Greek for
“self”) – not to any automatic mechanism. An auto transformer is similar to a two
winding transformer but varies in the way the primary and secondary winding of
the transformer are interrelated.
3. Total windings present in a autotransformer
are
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
 Instrument Transformers
Applications of Instrument Transformers:

• For measurement of high ac current, it is usual to use

low range ac ammeter with suitable shunt.
• For measurement of high ac voltage, low range ac
voltmeters are used with high resistances connected in
series.
• For measurement of very high ac current and voltage,
we cannot use these methods. Instead, we use specially
constructed HV instrument transformers to insulate the
high voltage circuit from the measuring circuit in order
to protect the measuring instruments from burning.
 Current Transformers
What is current Transformer (CT)?:
• A current transformer is a transformer, which produces in its secondary
winding low current, which is proportional to the high current flowing in its
primary winding.
• The secondary current is usually much smaller in magnitude than the
primary current.
• The design of CT depends on which type of instrument is connected to
its secondary winding. Measuring instrument OR Protective
instrument.
-Measuring instrument CT is expected to give accurate results up to a
maximum of 125% of its normal full-load rated current.
-Protective instrument CT is expected to be accurate for up to 20 times
of its normal full-load rated current (about 2000% of its full-load rated
current!!..??).
• Based on the type of equipment for which the Ct is used for, its saturation
point will vary. At the same time it is expected to be linear in the entire
working range.
 Potential Transformers
What is a Potential Transformer (PT) or (VT)?:

• A PT or sometimes called VT is a step-down

transformer having many primary turns but few
secondary turns.
• In a step-down transformer the voltage decreases and
the current increases, thus voltage can be easily
measured by using a low-range voltmeter instrument.
• The voltage is stepped-down in a known ratio called
the voltage ratio.
 Introduction
• The Dc machines are of two types namely DC
generators and DC motors.
• A DC generators converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy whereas a DC motor converts
the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• In order to understand the operating principle of a
DC motor, it is necessary to understand how
does a current carrying conductor experience a
force, when kept in a magnetic field.
• Force on current carrying conductor:
 If a straight conductor is placed in the
magnetic field produced by a
permanent magnet, the current flowing
through a conductor in anti clockwise
direction.
 Due to the presence of two magnetic fields
simultaneously, an interaction between them
will take place as shown in fig.(1).
Fig.1(a): Interaction of the fields Fig.1(b):Resultant field
 As shown in fig.(1), the flux lines produced
by the magnet and the conductor are in
opposite direction to each other at left side
and hence cancel each other. Therefore the no
of flux lines at left side will reduced.
 At the right side, the individual fields are in
the same direction, hence will add or
strengthen each other. Therefore the no. of
flux lines at right side will increase.
• Magnitude of Force:
 The magnitude of the force experienced by
the current carrying conductor placed in the
magnetic field is given by,
F = BIl Newton
Where B = Flux density produced by Magnet
I = current flowing through conductor
l = Length of the conductor
• Direction of force:
 The direction of rotation of a motor depends on the
direction of force exerted on the the armature winding and
the direction of force experienced by a current carrying
conductor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.
 Statement of Fleming’s left hand rule:
It states that if the first three fingers of the left hand are held
mutually at right angles to each other and if index finger
indicates the direction of the magnetic field, and if middle
finger indicates the direction of current flowing through the
conductor, then thumb indicates the direction of force
exerted on the conductor. This is shown in fig (2).
Fig.(2):Fleming’s left hand rule thumb
 DC Motor
• Principle of operation:
 When current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experienced a force.
 In case of DC motor, the magnetic field us
developed by the field current i.e. current
flowing in field winding and armature winding
plays the role of current carrying conductor
 So armature winding experienced a force and
start rotating.
 Principle of
Operation

ARMATURE winding are defined as the

winding which a voltage is induced.
FIELD windings are defined as the
windings
that produce the main flux in the
machines.
The magnetic field of the field winding is
approximately sinusoidal, thus AC voltage is
induced in the armature winding as the
rotor turns under the magnetic field of
stator.
The COMMUTATOR and BRUSH
combination converts the AC generated
voltages to DC.

24
Direction of rotation of motor is determined by

a) Faraday’s law
b) Lenz’s law
c) Coulomb’s law
d) Fleming’s left-hand rule
WORKING OF DC
MOTOR

26
Current in DC
Motor

27
Magnetic Field in DC
Motor

28
Force in DC
Motor

29
Torque developed by a DC motor depends
upon
a) magnetic field
b) active length of the conductor
c) current flow through the conductors
d)Current, active length, no. of conductors,
magnetic field all
 DC Machines Construction
• A DC motor is
constructed
with:
• A Stator
• A Rotor
• A Yoke
• Poles
• Field
windings
• Armature
windings
• Commutator
• Brushes
CONSTRUCTION OF DC
MACHINES

DC motor stator Rotor of a dc motor

 DC
Machines
Constructi
DC machines,
like on
other .
electromechani
cal energy
conversion
devices have
two sets of
electrical
– field
windings windings
- on
stator

– amarture
windings
- on the
rotor.

33
 DC Machines Construction
• A DC motor is
constructed
with:
• A Stator
• A Rotor
• A Yoke
• Poles
• Field
windings
• Armature
windings
• Commutator
• Brushes
1) Yoke:
The yoke make by cast steel for large machines and cast iron for a small machine. It uses to protect the
internal parts of the DC machine and gives mechanical support to the poles. The yoke provides a return
path for magnetic flux. In the yoke, the laminations are not required, but the modern machines uses the
laminations in yoke.

2) Poles and Pole shoe:

The pole core use to provide housing to the field winding. When field winding excites, it behaves like a
magnet. The pole shoes provide mechanical support to the field winding and due to a large area, it
reduces the magnetic reluctance. The pole and pole shoe make by cast steel. Pole is not necessary to
laminate. The pole shoe is always laminated because it is close to the armature.

3) Armature:

Armature core provides housing to the armature winding. It completes low reluctance path for
magnetic flux. The armature slots are skew at some angle to reduce the mechanical vibration. Armature
core is made with silicon steel. It is laminated to reduce the eddy current losses. In a DC machine, open
slots are use to reduce leakage flux, inductance, and leakage reluctance.
• 4) Armature winding and Field winding:
There are two types of armature windings; Lap winding and Wave
winding.
• Lap winding is known as complete winding because, after
completion of winding, all slots does fill with armature winding.
Wave winding is known as incomplete winding because, after
completion of winding, all slots does not fill with armature winding.
Some slots remain empty. These slots do fill with dummy coils. The
dummy coils only use in wave winding to fill empty slots and give
mechanical balance. It is not used in lap winding.
• In lap winding, due to unbalance flux and unbalance voltage, the
circulating current is more. It causes more copper loss and heat.
The circulating current can minimise by using the equalizer ring. In
wave winding, circulating current does not exist.
The armature of DC motor is laminated to

a) To reduce mass
b) To reduce hysteresis loss
c) To reduce eddy current loss
d) To reduce inductance
5) Commutator:

In case of a generator, the commutator uses to convert AC voltage into DC voltage. The
commutator uses as a rectifier. In the case of the motor, the commutator use to
produce unidirectional torque. To reduce wear and tear, the commutator make by hard
drawn copper. The number of armature slots is equal to the number of commutator
segments.

6) Brush:

Brushes use to carry the current or give the current to the armature conductors
through the commutator. The brushes make by copper or carbon materials for small
machines. Electro-graphite brushes use for large machines. Carbon-graphite brushes
use for large current low voltage machines.

7) Shaft:

The shaft use to transfer mechanical power. In case of DC motor, mechanical power is
transfer from DC machine to load. In the case of a DC generator, mechanical power is
transfer from Prime mover to the DC generator.
•
What are the materials used for brushes in dc
machines?
a) Iron
b) Carbon
c) Aluminum
d) Steel
 Starting of DC motors
• A starter is a device to start and accelerate a motor. A controller
is a device to start the motor, control and reverse the speed of the
DC motor and stop the motor. While starting the DC motor, it
draws the heavy current which damages the motor.
• The starter reduces the heavy current and protects the system
from damage.
 Need of Starters for DC Motors:
The dc motor has no back emf. At the starting of the motor, the
armature current is controlled by the resistance of the circuit. The
resistance of the armature is low, and when the full voltage is
applied at the standstill condition of the motor, the armature current
becomes very high which damage the parts of the motor.
Since at the time of starting the DC Motor, the starting current is
very large. At the time of starting of all DC Motors, except for very
small motors, an extra resistance must be connected in series with
the armature. This extra resistance is added so that a safe value
of the motor is maintained and to limit the starting current until the
motor has attained its stable speed.
 Speed Control of DC motors

According to the speed equation of a

dc motor
N ∞ Eb/φ
∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
Thus speed can be controlled by:
Flux control method: By Changing the
flux by controlling the current
through the field winding.
Armature control method: By
Changing the armature resistance
which in turn changes the voltage
applied across the armature
 Flux Control Method
Advantages:
It provides relatively smooth
and easy control
Speed control above rated speed
is possible
As the field winding resistance is
high the field current is small.
Power loss in the external
resistance is small . Hence this
method is economical
Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto
its rated value
High speed affects the commutation,
motor operation becomes unstable
 Armature Voltage Control Method

The speed is directly proportional to the voltage

applied
across the armature .

Voltage across armature can be controlled by

adding a variable resistance in series with
the armature

Potential Divider Control

If the speed control from zero to the rated speed is

required , by rheostatic method then the voltage
across the armature can be varied by
connecting rheostat in a potential divider
arrangement .
 Advantages of DC
motors
 Efficient and reliable.
 Quick response since high ratio of
torque to rotor inertia.
 Controlled speed and reversible.
 More sturdy and Compact.

4
4
 Disadvantages of DC
motors
 Brush wear: Since they need brushes to connect the rotor
winding. Brush wear occurs, and it increases
dramatically in low‐pressure environment. So they
cannot be used in artificial hearts. If used on aircraft, the
brushes would need replacement after one
hour of operation.
 Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the
environment contains explosive materials.
 RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby t.v.
sets, or electronic
• devices.
 Starting of DC motors
• A starter is a device to start and accelerate a motor. A controller is a device
to start the motor, control and reverse the speed of the DC motor and stop
the motor. While starting the DC motor, it draws the heavy current which
damages the motor.
• The starter reduces the heavy current and protects the system from damage.

 Need of Starters for DC Motors:

The dc motor has no back emf. At the starting of the motor, the armature
current is controlled by the resistance of the circuit. The resistance of the
armature is low, and when the full voltage is applied at the standstill condition
of the motor, the armature current becomes very high which damage the parts
of the motor.

Since at the time of starting the DC Motor, the starting current is very large. At
the time of starting of all DC Motors, except for very small motors, an extra
resistance must be connected in series with the armature. This extra resistance
is added so that a safe value of the motor is maintained and to limit the starting
current until the motor has attained its stable speed.
Why starters are required in a DC motor?
a) Back emf of these motors is zero initially
b) These motors are not self-starting
c) These motors have high starting torque
d)To restrict armature current as there is no
back emf at starting
The speed of a DC motor can be varied by
changing
a) Field current
b) Applied voltage
c) Resistance in series with armature
d) Field current, applied voltage or resistance
in series with armature any method will work
 Speed Control of DC motors

According to the speed equation of a

dc motor
N ∞ Eb/φ
∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
Thus speed can be controlled by:
Flux control method: By Changing the
flux by controlling the current
through the field winding.
Armature control method: By
Changing the armature resistance
which in turn changes the voltage
applied across the armature
 Flux Control Method
Advantages:
It provides relatively smooth
and easy control
Speed control above rated speed
is possible
As the field winding resistance is
high the field current is small.
Power loss in the external
resistance is small . Hence this
method is economical
Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto
its rated value
High speed affects the commutation,
motor operation becomes unstable
 Armature Voltage Control Method

The speed is directly proportional to the voltage

applied
across the armature .

Voltage across armature can be controlled by

adding a variable resistance in series with
the armature

Potential Divider Control

If the speed control from zero to the rated speed is

required , by rheostatic method then the voltage
across the armature can be varied by
connecting rheostat in a potential divider
arrangement .
 Advantages of DC
motors
 Efficient and reliable.
 Quick response since high ratio of
torque to rotor inertia.
 Controlled speed and reversible.
 More sturdy and Compact.

9
 Disadvantages of DC
motors
 Brush wear: Since they need brushes to connect the rotor
winding. Brush wear occurs, and it increases
dramatically in low‐pressure environment. So they
cannot be used in artificial hearts. If used on aircraft, the
brushes would need replacement after one
hour of operation.
 Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the
environment contains explosive materials.
 RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby t.v.
sets, or electronic
• devices.
 Applications of DC Motor
i. Various machine tools such as lathe
machines, drilling machines,
milling machines etc.
ii. Printing machines
iii. Paper machines
iv. Centrifugal and reciprocating
pumps
v. Blowers and fans etc.
i. Electric trains
ii. Diesel-electric locomotives
iii. Cranes
iv. Hoists
v. Trolley cars and trolley buses
vi. Rapid transit systems
vii. Conveyers etc.
i. Elevators
ii. Rolling mills
iii. Planers
iv. Punches
v. Shears
Induction Motor
 INDUCTION MOTORS

An induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor) is a commonly used

AC electric motor. In an induction motor, the electric current in the rotor needed
to produce torque is obtained via electromagnetic induction from the rotating
magnetic field of the stator winding. The rotor of an induction motor can be a
squirrel cage rotor or wound type rotor.
Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor

16
 HIGH STARTING
TORQUE
LOW STARTING
TORQUE

I SLIP RING I SQUIRREL CAGE

ROTOR ROTOR
I I
 Operating principle of single
phase induction motor

Link: https://www.y
outube.com
/watch?v=awrUxv7B-a8

10/8/2020 18
 7.6 Single Phase Induction
Motor
• The single-phase induction motor
operation can be described by two
methods:
– Double revolving field theory; and
– Cross-field theory.
• Double revolving theory is
perhaps the easier of the two
explanations to understand
• Learn the double revolving theory
only

10/8/2020 19
 Single Phase Induction
Motor
Double revolving field theory
• A single-phase ac current supplies
the main winding that produces
a pulsating magnetic field.
• Mathematically, the pulsating
field could be divided into two
fields, which are rotating in
opposite directions.
• The interaction between the fields
and the current induced in the
rotor bars generates opposing
torque
10/8/2020 20
Single Phase Induction
Motor
Main winding
• The interaction flux
between the fields
and the current - +
induced in the
rotor bars Main t t
generates winding
opposing torque.
• Under these
conditions, with
only the main
field
energized the
motor will not Starting
start winding
• However, if an
external
torque
moves the Single-phase motor main
motor
in any winding generates two
direction, rotating fields, which oppose
the motor will
begin to and counter-balance one
rotate. another. 21
 Applications of single phase
Induction motor
• The single phase motors are simple in construction, cheap in
cost, reliable and easy to repair and maintain. Due to all
these advantages, the single phase motor finds its application in
vacuum cleaners, fans, washing machines, centrifugal pumps,
blowers, washing machines, etc.
• These are used in low power applications and widely used in
domestic applications as well as industrial. And some of those are
mentioned below
• Pumps
• Compressors
• Small fans
• Mixers
• Toys
• High speed vacuum cleaners
• Electric shavers
• Drilling machines
Induction Motors
 Introduction
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common and
frequently encountered machines in industry
– simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
– wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10
MW
– run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full
load
– Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive
for optimal speed control
• Which is fixed part of Motor

A. Stator
B. Rotor
C. Both
D. None
 Construction
• An induction motor has two main parts
– a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?),
having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the
space for the stator winding

Stator of IM
 Construction
– a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor
slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) »
similar to the winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings,
forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
 Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
Working
• The stator of a 3-phase induction motor
produces ……… magnetic filed.
• a) steady
• b) rotating
• c) alternating
• d) none of the above
 Rotating Magnetic Field
• Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced three
phase source
• A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with
aspeed
nsync  120 rpm
fe
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nPsync is called the
synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions
per minute)
 Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
 Principle of operation
• This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current
flows in the rotor windings
• The rotor current produces another magnetic field
• A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields
 kBR 
ind
Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
The operation of an induction motor is based
on
a) Lenz’s law
b) Ampere’s law
c) mutual induction
d) self induction
 Induction motor speed
• At what speed will the IM run?
– Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
– If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated
and the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed
– When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced
The rotor of a three phase induction motor can
never attain synchronous speed.
a) True
b) False
 Induction motor speed
• So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than
the synchronous speed
• The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the
motor
 The Slip
nsync  nm
s
Where s is the slip
nsync
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by
multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and
doesn’t have units
Induction Motors and Transformers
• Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced
voltage
– Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
– Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
– The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor,
the secondary windings can move
– Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of
the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
An induction motor can be said analogous to

a) transformer
b) synchronous motor
c) universal motor
d) stepper motor
 Frequency
• The frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor is given by P
fr n 
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P  (ns  nm
fr  120
)
P  e
 120
sn sf
s
If a 4-pole induction motor has a synchronous
speed of 1500 r.p.m., then, supply
frequency is ……..
a) 50 Hz
b) 25 Hz
c) 60 Hz
d) none of the above
 Frequency
• What would be the frequency of the rotor’s
induced voltage at any speed nm?

fr  s
• When the rotor is fblocked
e
(s=1) , the frequency
of the induced voltage is equal to the supply
frequency
• On the other hand, if the rotor runs at
synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency will be
zero
 Torque
• While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that
we should know some terms and quantities
related to mechanical power
• Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft
will introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This
torque is related to the motor output power and
the rotor speed

and

 load P
 out N.m m 
2 rad /
m
nm s
60
 Horse power
• Another unit used to measure mechanical
power is the horse power
• It is used to refer to the mechanical output
power of the motor
• Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with
watts as a unit to measure electrical power,
there is a relation between horse power and
watts
hp  746
watts