Scribd
Upload
9 views26 pages

Unit 01 Part04

The document provides an introduction to microbiology and immunology, covering key concepts such as the definition of microbiology, types of pathogens, and the immune system's role in infection prevention. It details the types of immunity, including innate and acquired immunity, and discusses the functions of B and T cells in the immune response. Additionally, it explains the concepts of active and passive immunity, antigens, and haptens.

Uploaded by

shazia yasmeen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views26 pages

Unit 01 Part04

The document provides an introduction to microbiology and immunology, covering key concepts such as the definition of microbiology, types of pathogens, and the immune system's role in infection prevention. It details the types of immunity, including innate and acquired immunity, and discusses the functions of B and T cells in the immune response. Additionally, it explains the concepts of active and passive immunity, antigens, and haptens.

Uploaded by

shazia yasmeen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

GULF COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

Introduction to Microbiology

Anmol Fatima
Lecturer Microbiology
UNIT 1

UNIT OBJECTIVE

•Introduction to basic to microbiology


•Introduce students with Normal useful
organism
•Discuss role of immune system to
prevent infection
•Discuss various human pathogens
Content
• Definition of Microbiology
o Normal useful organism
o Types and Functions
o Disease causing organism
o Bacteria
o Viruses
o Protozoa
o Fungi
o Infection, sources, modes ,control
o Immunity, Natural. acquired
Introduction
To
Immunology
Definition
 The word “Immuis” means free from burden and
“immunitas” means exemption from government
taxes and this provided the English terminology
Immunity.
 Immunity is a broad definition: This is a
protective or defense mechanism of our body,
which leads us to a healthy life.
Types Of Immunity

 Inborn or innate immunity: It is present at birth; This is our


First Line Of Defense.

 Acquired or specific: It is not present at birth but becomes


part of our immune system as the lymphoid system
develops.
Type of immunity

Humoral ( activation of B-lymhocytes)

Cellular (by activation of T-lymphocytes


Cells Involved in Immunity
 Macrophages
B cells
T cells
Important components of innate immunity

Keratin layer of intact skin:


-Acts as mechanical barrier
-Lysozyme in tears and other secretions
-Degrades peptidoglycan in cell
wall
-Respiratory cilia
-Elevate mucus containing trapped
organisms
Important components of innate
immunity

-Low pH in stomach and vagina;


-Retards growth of microbes
-Surface phagocytes
-Ingest and destroy microbes
Important components of innate
immunity and their role
 Natural killer cells
Kill virus infected cells
 Macrophages and dendritic cells
Ingest and destroy microbes
 Neutrophils
Ingest and destroy microbes, and
present antigen to helper T-cells
Important components of
innate immunity

Complement:
C3b is an opsonin, membrane
attack complex creates holes in bacterial
membranes

 Interferon:
Inhibit viral replication
Important components of innate
immunity and their role
 Transferrinand lactoferrin:
Sequester iron required for
bacterial growth

 Fever
Elevated temperature retards
bacterial growth
Main Components of Innate and
acquired immunity
Humoral Cell mediated
Immunity Immunity
Innate Complement Macrophages
Neutrophil Natural killer
cells
Acquired B cells Helper Tcells
Antibodies Cytotoxic T
cells
Specificity Of The Immune
Response
-Recognition of the foreign organisms by specific
immune cells

-Activation of these immune cells to produce a specific


response (eg,antibodies)

-Response that specifically targets the organisms for


destruction
Major Functions Of B cells

Antibody-Mediated Immunity (B Cells)


1) Host defense against infection
2) (Opsonize bacteria, neutralize toxins and
viruses)
3) Allergy (hypersensitivity) eg, hay fever
anaphylactic shock
4) Autoimmunity
Major Functions Of T Cells
Cell Mediated Immunity

1) Host defense against infection (especially M.tuberculosis,


fungi and virus infected cells)

2) Allergy (hypersensitivity )eg poison oak


3) Graft and tumor rejection

4) Regulation of antibody response (help and suppression)


Active and Passive Immunity
 Active immunity is resistance acquired after contact
with
 foreign antigens, eg, microorganisims
 This contact may consist of :
 Clinical or subclinical infections
 Immunization with live or killed infectious agents or
their antigens.
 Exposure to microbial products (eg, toxins and
toxoids)
Passive immunity
 Passiveimmunity is resistance based on
antibodies preformed in another host.
 Otherforms of passive immunity are IgG
passed from the mother to the fetus during
pregnancy.
 IgApassed from the mother to the newborn
during breast feeding.
Passive active immunity
 Passive-activeimmunity involves giving both
preformed antibodies (immune globulins) to
provide immediate protection and
 Vaccine to provide long term protection
 This approach is used in the prevention of
 Tetanus, Rabies and Hepatitis B
Immunogen and Antigen
Immunogenic when they are able to
produce specific immune response; that they will
stimulate immune cells and then give rise to
immunological reaction (Humoral or cellular).
Antigen

Antigenic substances cannot directly


yield immune response, but need some
help by some proteins) and then
Epitope
 Epitopesare small chemical groups on the
antigen molecule that can elicit and react
with antibody
 The antigen has variable number of
epitopes and this is called the valency of the
antigen
Hapten
 Hapten is a greek word meaning to fasten.
These are partial antigens. These are not
immunogenic.
 Antibiotics, analgesics, penicilin and alpha-
methyldopa
 Therefore
haptens are antigenic and not
immunogenic
Reference

khalid, R. (2009). community health. karachi: time


publisher.

You might also like