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Chapter 2

The document outlines the research design, detailing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches, along with their respective data collection techniques. It discusses the importance of sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling, and emphasizes the need for reliability and validity in research instruments. Additionally, it highlights ethical considerations such as voluntary participation and informed consent.

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13 views38 pages

Chapter 2

The document outlines the research design, detailing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches, along with their respective data collection techniques. It discusses the importance of sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling, and emphasizes the need for reliability and validity in research instruments. Additionally, it highlights ethical considerations such as voluntary participation and informed consent.

Uploaded by

2231894
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER

2
CHERRIE MAE M. MANUEL
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Used to structure the research, to show how all of
the major parts of the research paper work
together to address the general research objective.
• The “backbone” of the research procedure
• Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Method
• Methods of collecting data (specify the design)
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
✔ A systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data
1.Experimental – what will be when certain variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated (pre-test, post test)
2.Correlational – investigate relationships among two or
more variables
3.Descriptive Survey – provide simple information about
the frequency or amount of something.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
✔ Gathers participants’ experiences, perceptions, and behavior.
1.Grounded Theory – to generate or discover a theory that
relates to a particular environment.
2.Ethnographic – description and interpretation of a cultural
or social group system.
3.Phenomenological – to fully understand the essence of
some phenomena.
4.Narrative – use “lived stories” of individuals and groups
MIXED METHOD
RESEARCH DESIGN
✔ Use both qualitative and quantitative approaches in a
single study.
1.Explanatory sequential design – starts either a
quantitative or qualitative phase and then employe the
other approach.
2.Exploratory sequential study – begins with qualitative
methods that are used to gather information that is then
used for the subsequent quantitative phase.
3.Convergent design – emphasizes both quantitative and
qualitative approaches about equally and use results from
both to address the research question.
LOCALE AND POPULATION OF THE
STUDY
• Target population (group of individuals who have the
same characteristics) and the sample (subgroup of the
target population) frame
• How the respondents of the study are selected and how an
appropriate sampling method is chosen
• Rule of thumb, “To select as large a sample as possible
from the population”
• Approximately 15 participants in each group –
experimental
• Approximately 30 participants – correlational
SAMPLING

✔ The process of selecting units (sample) from a population


of interest.
✔ Sampling techniques:
1.Random (Probability) Sampling Technique
- researcher selects individuals from the population who
are representative
of that population.
2. Non-random (Non-probability) Sampling Technique
- one in which the probability of including population
elements is unknown
KINDS OF SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING (scientific sampling)
1.Simple Random Sampling – done through fishbowl technique
2.Systematic Random Sampling – nth element has an equal
probability of being selected.
3.Stratified Random Sampling – selected randomly from strata
that divide the population
4.Cluster Sampling – equal groups are identified and selected
randomly
5.Multi-Stage Sampling Technique – commonly used when
there is no detailed or actual listing of individuals.
KINDS OF SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING (non-scientific
sampling)
1.CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
KINDS OF SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING (non-scientific
sampling)
2. QUOTA SAMPLING
KINDS OF SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING (non-scientific
sampling)
3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
DATA GATHERING
INSTRUMENT
• Describe the specific type or research
instrument that will be used
• Also, the procedures and conditions under
which the instruments will be administered
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF
THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
• RELIABILITY
• The consistency of the instrument
• Conducted outside of the area of proposed respondents
• Kuder-Richardson Method (KR20/ KR21)
• VALIDITY
• Measures the concept it is supposed to measure
• Subjected for evaluation by at least three experts in the field
• Face validity, content validity, criterion-related validity, construct-
related validity
DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE
• Comprehensively discuss or describe the
process how the data will be gathered.
TREATMENT OF DATA

• Statistical treatment (frequency, ranking,


mean)
• Descriptive statistics – describes,
summarizes, and characterizes the
characteristic of a sample being studied.
• Inferential statistics – used to make
judgments of the probability that an
observed difference between groups is a
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

• One of the most important parts of


research
• Voluntary participation of the respondents
• Informed consent
• Privacy or anonymity of respondents

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