8.

DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION

SECTION 3 – PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

title
INTRODUCTION
• Development is a very complex term.
Nonetheless, in simple terms, it means
growth, change, improvement or
progress. When we can improve from
one stage to the next stage it is called
development.
• This change and improvement is in all
areas including economic, social and
cultural. It concerns the life of ordinary
title
EVOLUTION
• A welfare state is when the State plays a key role in
the promotion of economic and social wellbeing of
its citizens. Such a state usually takes care of the
basic needs of its citizens like food, shelter, clothing,
education and health.
• The concept of welfare state dominated the idea of
development during the early part of the 20th
century. This had an impact on the traditional
concept of public administration.
• It now focused on bringing change through unified,
organised and properly directed governmental
title
EVOLUTION
• In the period after the Second World War several countries of Asia and Africa
became independent. Nation building was one of the great concerns before
such newly independent countries. They did not want the governments to do
only routine administrative work.
• These countries were eager to initiate the process of development. These
countries had complex, heterogenous societies and their economies were
struggling. The various aid programmes that were provided by the developed
world did not help these countries to develop.
• It was necessary for these countries to adopt new approaches to face the
challenges of economic and social inequality, hunger and poverty, etc. This
realisation led to the emergence of the concept of development administration.
title
EVOLUTION
• The government in these countries was to become an agent of change and
development. The socio-political circumstances in these emerging states
necessitated redefining and reorientation of the idea of development.
• Development was conceived from holistic perspective, focusing on not only
economic growth but also on social change, political development and cultural
progress.
• Accordingly, governments took on several important tasks in these countries
such as centralised economic planning, the preparation and execution of
development programmes and projects, the promotion and management of
industrial growth, and meeting the basic needs of citizens through the provision
of social services, economic opportunities and other social welfare
title
EVOLUTION
• Governments in most of
the developing nations
focused on development
by means of planned
change and people's
participation.
• Thus, development
administration as an area
of study and as a means to
realise developmental
goals assumed increasing
EVOLUTION
title
DEFINITIONS
Edward Weidner defined Development Administration to be, “The process of
guiding an organisation toward the achievement of progressive political,
economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one
mannerItoristhe other.” to have innovation in planning to create a
necessary
better society. This approach that is change and growth
oriented is called Development Administration

Merle Fairsoul defined Development Administration as, “A carrier of

innovating values, it embraces the way of the new functions assumed
by developing countries embarking on the path of modernisation and
industrialisation.”
title
HASSLES IN TRADITIONAL
APPROACH
• The traditional approach to public administration has been bound by rules and
hierarchy. While this approach is not wrong, sometimes it creates delays and
obstacles that are generally called ‘red tape’.
• In government administration when official rules and procedures create
unnecessary delays in the work it is called ‘red tape’.
• Red Tapism refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules
that is considered redundant and bureaucratic and hinders action or decision-
making. In other words, these are burdensome rules, providing no added value.
It includes unnecessary paperwork, obtaining licenses, having multiple people
or committees approve a decision and various low-level rules that make
conducting one’s affairs slower, more difficult.
title
TRADITIONAL APPROACH
• In order to understand the changes that Development Administration has
brought in; it is necessary to understand traditional public administration.
Traditionally, the study of public administration would cover the following main
areas:
1. Organisation of the governmental machinery: This would include the structure,
various departments, ministries and related organisations of the government.
(Examples: The structure of the ministry that includes the Secretaries and
other officials; various boards and commissions like the UPSC, Election
Commission, etc.)
2. Management of different tasks: The focus is on the leadership, planning and
coordination between various departments. (Examples: the National Institution
title
TRADITIONAL APPROACH
3. Personnel Administration: This refers to the recruitment process, the training,
and other related activities. (Example: How recruitment is done in India through
UPSC or State Civil Service Commissions, the training facilities, issues dealing
with promotion, salary, pensions, etc.)
4. Financial Administration: The focus here is on the process of making the
budget, financial committees of the parliament and audit. (Example: How the
Parliament controls the expenditure, committees like the Public Accounts
Committee, Estimates Committee, etc.)
5. Administrative law: Based on the laws passed by the Parliament rules are
framed. There are also tribunals for resolving disputes. (Example: Tribunals like
the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal)
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• The above - mentioned traditional functions of public administration are important
functions in developing countries. However, the developing countries have some
unique problems of development.
• They are post-colonial countries. They are trying to create their own independent
approach to development. Such an approach is based on aspects of economic and
social justice and political modernisation. It also requires the adaptation of new
technologies.
• Therefore, it is necessary to make changes in the traditional approaches to public
administration. This type of administration is focused more on setting development
goals and achieving them through the medium of administration.
• In developing countries like India approach to Public Administration and Public
Policy has also undergone some changes. The focus is on issues of development.
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• Development Administration focuses on the socio-
political and socio-economic development of the
country. Its stress is on the projects, programmes
and policies that are aimed at securing the
objectives of development. Development
Administration has mainly two important aspects:
1. Administration of Development : The first task is
of setting goals of development. The second is to
try to achieve them
2. Development of Administration : The existing
system of administration needs to be improved to
title
FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION
The main features of development administration are as follows :
1. Change oriented –

• The traditional administration is essentially pro stability and prefers the status
quo. Development administration seeks to bring about change and tries to
reorient towards developmental goals.
• In the post-world war period when various nations became independent in
Asia and Africa, the biggest task before their governments was to promote the
process of development.
• They desired progress in all spheres such as economic, social and political. For
this to materialise the governments had to focus on transformations,
innovations and development.
title
FEATURES
• In post-independent India, fighting poverty, hunger and economic
backwardness was the biggest challenge before the government.
• Hence, the government did not only focus on traditional sector of economy
i.e. agriculture but deliberately chose to develop industries, dams and
hydroelectric projects with public sector investment.
• These projects were referred to as Temples of Modern India by Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Some examples of Indian industrialization are Bhakra-Nangal Dam and Bhilai
Steel Plant
title
FEATURES
2. Output Oriented
• Development Administration aims to achieve certain outcomes and results for
which it sets out clear-cut norms of performance. These are usually
quantitative norms.
• If change orientation is one of the goals of development administration, then
to make it happen certain targets need to be set. This enables the
administrative units to produce the desired output.
• The focus on targets pushes the administration to produce desired results. For
instance, when government sets the target that the economy of the country
must grow at the rate of 8 to 10 percent per annum, it is trying to set some
reasonable and feasible goals to be achieved.
title
FEATURES
3. Citizen Participation
• Development being a process of social and economic change, it is important
that people participate actively in it. If the process of development is cut off
from the grassroots, then it eventually fails to materialise the objectives it
has set. This necessitates peoples’ participation in the process of planning,
implementation and its eventual evaluation.
• In a diverse society like India people’s participation is necessary. In India the
needs, requirements and choices of people may vary vastly according to
regions. Indian government had introduced a Community Development
Programme in 1952 followed by National Extension Service in 1953.
• The focus was to promote development in the rural and remote areas. The
title
FEATURES
• The purpose of participation of the rural people was sought through the 73rd
and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992
gave constitutional status to the panchayati raj institutions. The act is a
significant landmark in the evolution of grassroot democratic institutions in
the country.
• The 74th Amendment Act of 1992 gave constitutional status to the
municipalities. The act aims at strengthening the urban governments so that
they function effectively as units of local government
title
FEATURES
4. Public Commitment
• Development Administration requires a firm commitment, a sense of
involvement and concern on the part of civil servants or the bureaucracy.
• The process and path of development is filled with challenges and that can
create hurdles in the implementation of the programmes.
• Therefore, the bureaucracy needs to have a sense of belongingness,
commitment and spirit to work for national growth to achieve developmental
objectives.
“Commitment is the foundation of great accomplishments.”
~ Heidi Reeder
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
• Development administration is change oriented. It is anti-status quo. Every
development function has a goal to be achieved.
• For example, economic development has the goal to improve the quality of
life. It includes rise in per capita income, literacy rate, life expectancy and
reduction in poverty rates, etc.
• For these goals to be achieved planning, organisation and optimum
utilisation of resources is required. Planning aids in deciding the resources
required for achieving the goal and sets target to achieve them in a time
bound manner.
• India’s journey began as a newly independent poor and underdeveloped
nation. Our main goal was to regain past glory and prosperity. Post-
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
• India’s goals of development since
independence have been as follows :
1. Modernisation of the economy
• The main focus was industrialisation.
• Industrialisation provided employment. It
would increase the quantum of
employment for maximum utilisation of
manpower.
• This would modernise the economy and
increase the national income.
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
• India’s goals of development since
independence have been as follows :
2. Land Reforms
• When India became independent the
ownership of agricultural land was
mainly concentrated in the hands of a
few landowners.
• To solve this issue land reforms were
initiated.
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
• India’s goals of development since
independence have been as follows :
3. Agriculture
• There was a focus on the use of high
yielding seeds (hybrid seeds) to
increase agricultural production.
• This would help the development of
the relatively backward regions and
reduce rural poverty.
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
• India’s goals of development since
independence have been as follows :
4. Self Reliance
• India had become independent from
colonial rule. Therefore, it wanted to
be independent from foreign
domination.
• India accepted foreign aid for its
industrial development, but it did not
want to be dependent of foreign
capital.
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
• India’s goals of development since independence have been as follows :
5. Socialist pattern with social justice
• The concept of socialist pattern of economy was based on the concept of
welfare state. The purpose was the mitigation of inequalities of income and
wealth.
• The State would take the lead in providing various welfare services to the
public. Planning was an important part of this strategy.
• India created the Planning Commission whose goal was to improve the
standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of
the country, increasing production and offering opportunities to all for
employment in the service of the community.
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
NITI AAYOG
• Formed - 1 January 2015; 6 years ago
• Headquarters – New Delhi
• Chairperson – Hon. PM Narendra Modi
• Vice Chairperson – Rajiv Kumar
• CEO – Amitabh Kant
• Ex-Officio Members - Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitaraman and
Narendra Singh Tomar
• Full-time Members - V. K. Saraswat (former DRDO Chief), Ramesh Chand
(Agriculture Expert) and Dr. Vinod Paul (Public Health expert)
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
NITI AAYOG
• The Planning Commission was developed as an apex planning body. India after
independence also adopted the tool of Five Year planning which identified
short term and long term goals of development.
• The Five Year Plans have focused on various issues including agriculture;
irrigation; power projects; industrialisation; removal of poverty; food
production; nutrition; social security; etc
• In the 1990s India adopted the new economic policy that focused on economic
liberalisation. In this new setup there was a need to change the approach to
planning.
• In 2014 the Planning Commission was replaced by the NITI Aayog. India moved
title
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
IN INDIA
NITI AAYOG
• The NITI Aayog proposes grassroots planning where in the planning should be
built right from the village, block and district levels and these should be
harmonised with planning at the state level.
• National planning should be the consolidation of state-level plans along with
the planning infrastructure and service requirements for the country as a
whole worked out at the union level.
YASHADA
• Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration (YASHADA) Pune
is a training institute having a dual role : as an Administrative Training
Institute and a State Institute of Rural Development.
title
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
• One of the important ways to implement the concept of development
administration is to prepare specific plans and programmes aimed at
development. Here are a few examples of programmes initiated by the
Government of India that are a part of development administration in India :
 1952 - Community Development Programme (CDP): To promote overall
development of rural areas and people’s participation
 1966 – 67 - Green Revolution: To increase agricultural production
 1975 - Command Area Development Programme: (CADP) For better utilisation
of irrigational capacities
 1975 - Twenty Point Programme (TPP): For poverty eradication and an overall
objective of raising the standard of living
title
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
 1980 - Integrated Rural Development Programme : IRDP : For overall
development of rural poor
 1989 - Jawahar Rozgar Yojna (JRY): To provide employment to rural
unemployed
 1995 - Mid-day Meal Scheme: Nutrition to students in primary schools to
improve enrolment, retention and attendance.
 2000 - Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna: Connect all villages with nearest
pukka road
 2005 - Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: (JNNURM) To
improve urban infrastructure
 2005 - The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
title
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
 2009 - Aadhaar: The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) was
created with the objective to issue Unique Identification numbers (UID), named
as ‘‘Aadhaar’’, to all residents of India . It became a statutory authority
established under the provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial
and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016
 2014 - Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Financial inclusion and access
to financial services for all households in the country is the main objective.
 2014 - Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The main objective is to fulfil Mahatma
Gandhi’s dream of a clean and hygienic India
 2017 - Udaan Scheme: The main objective is encouraging girls for higher
technical education and aims to provide a platform that empowers girl
title
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
• Maharashtra State Open Schooling Board (2017) provides formal education for
those who are not part of regular educational stream to such individuals who
are physically challenged, artists, sports people, housewives, workers, those
who are extra-ordinary talented, etc.
• These programmes have tried to provide help to the socially and economically
marginalised sections of the population. These programmes can succeed only
with the active participation of both, the bureaucracy and the citizens.
• Today, the citizens have become more active in the process of governance.
• One of the reasons for this active participation is the increasing awareness of
the people due to the information technology revolution.
 In order to develop a country’s entire administration, it is
essential that the weakest links of the country’s population
and administrative processes are strengthened. For a country
can be only as strong as its weakest link.