Neural Crest Cells

Dr. GEETANJALI DIXENA

MDS III rd year
TRIVENI DENTAL COLLEGE
BILASPUR
1
Fertilization
It is sequence of events that begins
with contact between a sperm and a
oocyte and finally ends with the
fusion of nuclei of the sperm and
ovum and the intermingling of
maternal and paternal
chromosomes.

Zygote
2
Cleavage
It is a process by which zygote
undergoes a series of rapid mitotic
division.

First the zygote divides into two cells

known as Blastomeres

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Zygote showing the
process of cleavage

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Time: The division starts 30 hours
after fertilization.
Site: This occurs as the zygote
passes along the uterine tube
towards the uterus.

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6
Important point:

There is increase in the number of

cell without an increase in the
cytoplasmic mass as a result of
which cells progressively become
smaller in size.

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Morula

This is so called when the number of

cells becomes 16

Time: 3-4 days after fertilizations

Site: Uterus

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Morula

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BLASTOCYST
Space appear between the central
Blastomeres of Morula. This space
gets filled with the fluid from the
uterine cavity.

Trophoblast Inner cell mass

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Blastocyst

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BLASTOCYST
Following this fluid – filled spaces
fuse to form a single, large
blastocyst cavity.

Blastocys
t
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Implantation
Time: After six days
The blastocyst attaches itself to the
endometrial epithelium, adjacent t
the inner cell mass

Embryonic
pole
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 Implantation
As this occurs the trophoblast start
proliferating rapidly

cytotrophoblast syncytiotrophoblast

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Implantation of the
blastocyst

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Implantation
Finger like processes of
syncytiotrophoblast extend through
the endometrial epithelium
Time:by the end of the first week
blastocyst superficially implants in
the endometrium.
Also a flattened layer of cells called
hypoblast appear on the surface of
the inner cell mass.
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Completion of implantation
Time: the process of implantation is
completed by the end of second
week.

As the blastocyst slowly embeds

itself in the endometrium trophoblast
goes on differentiating into the two
cell layer. 17
Formation of the amniotic
cavity

As the implantation is progressing

small cavity appears at the
embryonic pole between
embryoblast and trophoblast.
This space forms the primodium of
the amniotic cavity.
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Developing amniotic cavity

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 Formation of Bilaminar
plate
At the same time morphologic
changes occur in the embryoblast
resulting in the formation of
circular,bilaminar plate of the cells
called embryonic disc
epiblast hypoblast

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Bilaminar plate

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Formation of the primary
yolk sac
Few cells from the hypoblast migrate
to form a membrane called
exocoelomic membrane
This membrane surrounds the
blastocyst cavity called exocoelomic
cavity.

Primary yolk cell 22

Primary yolk sac

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Formation of the secondary
yolk cell
Some cells from the hypoblast gives
rise to a layer of loosely arranged
tissue called-extra embryonic
mesoderm.
Extra embryonic coelom

yolk sac 24
Development of the
secondary yolk sac

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 Development of chorionic
sac
Extra embryonic coelom splits the
extra embryonic mesoderm into two
layers

Extraembryonic Extraembryonic
Somatic mesoderm Splanchic mesoderm

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Development of chorionic
sac
Extra embryonic Somatic mesoderm
+
Two layers of trophoblast

Chorion

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Chorionic sac

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 Prochodral plate
Time:around the 14th day
few hypoblastic cells change into
columnar shape and form a
thickened ,circular area

Prochodral plate .

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Prochodral plate

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The third week
Gastrulation.
Primitive streak.
The notochordal process.
Notochord.
Neuralation.
The neural crest cells.

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Gastrulation

It is process by which the bilaminar

embryonic disc is converted into a
trilaminar embryonic disc resulting in
the formation of the three germ
layers and the primitive streak.

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Primitive streak
It is a thickened linear band of
epiblast which appears caudally in
the median plane and on the dorsal
aspect of the embryonic disc.

Primitive node

Primitive pit
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Primitive node

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Germ layers
Mesoblast/Mesenchyme--mesoderm

Primitive streak cell

displace hypoblast -- endoderm

Epiblast -- ectoderm

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Developing germ layers

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Notochordal process
Some mesenchymal cells migrate
cranially from the primitive node to
form a median cellular cord known
as notochordal process

notochordal canal

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The notochordal process
prochordal plate

Notochordal canal

cloacal membrane

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Formation of the notochord

It is a cellular rod that develops by

transformation of notochordal
process

- defines the primitive axis of

embryo
- gives rigidity
- future site of vertebral column. 39
Formation of the notochord
1. As notochordal process
elongates ,notochordal canal
extends cranially from primitive
node to prochordal plate .
2. Floor of the notochordal process
fuses with the underlying
embryonic endoderm.
3. Fused region gradually undergo
degeneration creating an opening.
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Developing notochord

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Formation of the notochord
4. The opening rapidly becomes
confluent and notochordal canal
disappears .
5. Beginning at cranial
end ,notochordal plate infolds to
form notochord.
6. The notochord finally detached 42
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Neuralation
It is process involved in the
formation of the neural plate and
neural folds and the closure of these
folds to form the neural tube.

Neurla

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Neural plate
As the notochord
develops ,embryonic ectoderm over
it thickens to form the neural plate-
neuroectoderm.
Around the 18th day

Neural tube 45
46
The neural crest

Some neuroectodermal cells lying

along the crest of each neural fold
lose their epithelial affinities and are
called neural crest cells.
These form a irregular flattened
mass called neural crest .

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 Characteristics of the
neural crest cells
I. Pleuripotent capability –is the
ability of these cells to give rise to
several precursor cell.
II. Migratory property-Ncc break free
from neural folds by losing their
lateral connections to adjacent
epidermal and neuroectodermal
cells.
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Characteristics of the
neural crest cells
Migration

Active Passive

Without the With the

ectoderm ectoderm

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Factors affecting migration
1. Extra cellular molecules- such as
fibronectin are encountered along
the way of migration are used by
Ncc to govern their path(Rovasio
et.al.1983).
2. Vitamin A –slows the migration
- acts as a
teratogen 52
Factors affecting migration

3) Drugs-isotretenion(13-cis-retinoic
acid)cause sever malformations by
affecting the neural crest cell
migration.

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 Characteristics of the
neural crest cells
III. Regulation- reffers to the ability of
an embryo to compensate for the
loss of cells .
- migration of the Ncc across the
midline.
- by increase proliferation
of the remaining Ncc.

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 Study done by Bonner-
Fraser(1986)
CSAT antibody was used
Antibody was injected in embryonic
chicks just before the initiation of the
Ncc migration.
Results were observed after-
-24 hrs
-36-48 hrs

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Study done by Bonner-
Fraser(1986)

24 hrs later-
-defective proliferation.
-defective initiation of migration.
-defective directionality of migration
36-48 hrs-
- Ncc developed normally

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 Characteristics of the
neural crest cells

IV. Cessation-reffers to the property

of the Ncc to cease the process of
migration once they reach the site
of future craniofacial structure.
-type II collagen.

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 Structure derived by the
neural crest cells
I. Connective tissue-
- Ectomesenchyme of facial
prominences and
brachial arches. - Bones and
cartilages of facial
visceral skeleton.
- Dermis of face and neck
- Stroma of
salivary ,thymus ,thyroid,
parathyroid and pituitary gland.
- Corneal mesenchyme . 58
 Structure derived by the
neural crest cells
-Dental papilla
-Portions of periodontal
ligament -Cementum
II. Muscle tissue-
-Ciliary muscles
-Covering connective tissue of
branchial arch muscles

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 Structure derived by the
neural crest cells
III. Nervous tissue-
-Leptomeninges.
-Schwan sheath cells.
IV. Sensory ganglia-
-Autonomic ganglia.
-Spinal dorsal root ganglia.
-Sensory ganglia.
V. ANS-
-Sympathetic ganglia.
-Parasympathetic ganglia.
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 Structure derived by the
neural crest cells
VI. Endocrine tissue-
-Adrenomedullary cells
-Calcitonin ‘c’ cells
-Carotid body
VII. Pigment cells-
-Melanocytes
-Melanophores

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Dental context
1. The initiation of the tooth
formation.
2. The determination of the tooth's
crown pattern.
3. The initiation of dentinogenesis.
4. The initiation of amelogenesis.
5. The determination of the size,shape
and number of the tooth roots.
6. The determination of the anatomy
of the dentogingival junction. 62
Clinical implications

1. Treachers Collins syndrome.

2. Hemifacial Microsomia.

3. Limb abnormalities.

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Treachers Collins Syndrome

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Hemifacial Microsomia

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Summary of events
Zygote

Morula

Blastula

Implantation

Amniotic cavity
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Summary of events
Bilaminar embryonic disc

Yolk sac

Chorionic sac

Germ layers

Primitive streak
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Summary of events
Notochord

Neural plate and tube

Neural crest cells

Migration

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 References
Contemporary Orthodontics-
William R Proffit
The Developing Human -
Moore and Persaud
Craniofacial Morphogenesis and
Dysmorphogenesis-
Katherine and Alphonse
Craniofacial Embryology-
G.H.Sperber
Oral histology-
Tencate 69