physical properties of

materials
By
M.Sc. Ahmed Taifor Aziz
Physical properties

Physical
propertie
s

Thermal Optical Electrical Magnetic

propertie propertie propertie propertie
s s s s
Electrical properties
• Types of electronic materials based on the
conductivity
1. Superconductors
2. Conductors
3. Semiconductors
4. Dielectric and insulator
Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law
Diffusion vs. drift
Example
Solution
Conductivity in metals
Temperature effect
Example
Effect of atomic level
defects
Example
The electrical resistivity of a beryllium alloy
containing 5% of an alloying element is found to be
50 * 10-6 ohm cm at 400°C. Determine the
contributions to resistivity due to temperature and
due to impurities by finding the expected resistivity
of pure beryllium at 400°C, the resistivity due to
impurities, and the defect resistivity coefficient.
What would be the electrical resistivity if the
beryllium contained 10% of the alloying element at
200°C?
X=.05
b=
Ionic conductivity in ceramic
• Both cations and anions in ionic materials possess an
electric charge and, as a consequence, are capable of
migration or diffusion when an electric field is present.
Thus an electric current will result from the net
movement of these charged ions, which will be present in
addition to current due to any electron motion. Of course,
anion and cation migrations will be in opposite directions.
The total conductivity of an ionic material is thus equal to
the sum of both electronic and ionic contributions, as
follows:

the ionic contribution to the total conductivity increases

with increasing temperature?, as does the electronic
component. However, in spite of the two conductivity
contributions, most ionic materials remain insulative, even
at elevated temperatures.
Conductivity in polymers
• Polymers are insulator because of the unavailability
of large numbers of free electrons to participate in
the conduction process.
• polymeric materials have been synthesized that
have electrical conductivities on par with metallic
conductors; they are termed conducting polymers
• The conductivity in polymers can be
achieved by:
1. Polymeric must contain a system of alternating
single and double bonds The valence electrons
associated with the alternating single and double
chain bonds are delocalized, which means they
are shared amongst the backbone atoms in the
polymer chain—similar to the way that electrons
in a partially filled band for a metal are shared by
the ion cores
Analogou
s
:Conductivity in polymers
2. These polymers become conductive when doped
with appropriate impurities such as AsF5, SbF5.
the band structure of a conductive polymer is
characteristic of that for an electrical insulator at
0 K, a filled valence band separated from an
empty conduction band by a forbidden energy
band gap. the dopant atoms lead to the
formation of new energy bands that overlap the
valence and conduction bands of the intrinsic
polymer, giving rise to a partially filled band,
and the production at room temperature of a
high concentration of free electrons .
Applications of conducting polymers

1. Rechargeable batteries and fuel cells are

currently being manufactured that employ
polymer electrodes.
2. wiring in aircraft . aerospace components.
3. electromagnetic screening materials.
4. electronic devices (e.g., transistors and diodes).
Insulator and dielectric
:Thermal properties

properties Heat capacity

Thermal

Thermal
expansion
Thermal
conductivity
Heat capacity (specific
:•heat)
Heat capacity represents the quantity of heat
required to produce a unit rise in temperature for
one mole of a substance; or a per-unit mass basis, it
is termed specific heat.
• In mathematical terms, the heat capacity C is
expressed as follows:

: energy change (J/Kg)

c: specific heat in (J/Kg. K)
: temperature change in K.

• Explanation of energy increment with temp

In most solids the principal mode of thermal energy
assimilation is by the increase in vibrational energy of
the atoms (phonon) due to increment of temperature.
:Vibrational heat capacity
Increasing
temperature

Increases
vibration of
atoms
(phonons)

Increment of
material
energy
Temperature dependence heat
:capacity
• The variation with temperature of the vibrational
contribution to the heat capacity at constant volume for
many relatively simple crystalline solids is shown in the
next Figure. The Cv is zero at 0 K, but it rises rapidly
with temperature; this corresponds to an increased
ability of the lattice waves to enhance their average
energy with ascending temperature. At low
temperatures the relationship between Cv and the
absolute temperature T is

where A is a temperature-independent constant. Above

what is called the Debye temperature Cv levels off and
becomes essentially independent of temperature at a
value of approximately 3R, R being the gas constant.
Thus even though the total energy of the material is
increasing with temperature, the quantity of energy
required to produce a one-degree temperature change is
constant. The value of D is below room temperature for
many solid materials,
Temperature dependence heat
:capacity
Above what is called the Debye temperature Cv levels off and
becomes essentially independent of temperature at a value of
approximately 3R, R being the gas constant. Thus even though
the total energy of the material is increasing with temperature,
the quantity of energy required to produce a one-degree
temperature change is constant

• Below debye temp the

relation ship is

• The Cv is zero at 0 K, but it

rises rapidly with
temperature, this
corresponds to an
increased ability of the
lattice waves to enhance
their average energy with
ascending temperature
:Thermal conductivity
• The transport of thermal energy from high- to low-
temperature regions of a material is termed thermal
conduction. For solid materials, heat is transported by
free electrons and by vibrational lattice waves, or
phonons.
• Conductivity in metals: The high thermal
conductivities for relatively pure metals are due to the
large numbers of free electrons, and also the efficiency
with which these electrons transport thermal energy.
• Conductivity of non metals: ceramics and polymers
are poor thermal conductors because free-electron
concentrations are low and phonon conduction
predominates. Glass and other amorphous
ceramics have lower conductivities than crystalline
ceramics, since the phonon scattering is much more
effective when the atomic structure is highly
disordered and irregular.
Conductivity due to free
electrons is higher than
phonons because
electrons have higher
velocity so conductivity of
metals is higher than
ceramics and polymers
 :Thermal expansion
• Solid materials expand when heated and contract when cooled.
The fractional change in length is proportional to the
temperature change, the constant of proportionality being the
coefficient of thermal expansion.

• In metals linear coefficients of thermal expansion values are

intermediate in magnitude between those for ceramic and
polymeric materials.

• In ceramic: Relatively strong interatomic bonding forces are

found in many ceramic materials as reflected in comparatively
low coefficients of thermal expansion.

• in polymeric materials experience very large thermal

expansions upon heating The highest values are found in linear
and branched polymers because the secondary intermolecular
bonds are weak, and there is a minimum of crosslinking. With
increased crosslinking, the magnitude of the expansion
coefficient diminishes; the lowest coefficients are found in the
thermosetting network polymers such as phenol-formaldehyde,
in which the bonding is almost entirely covalent.