Materials Science

& Shagull Muslih

Engineering
Outline
• What is materials?
• Terminology of materials
• Materials science and engineering tetrahedron
• Classification of materials
• Classification of solid materials and properties and applications
• Ceramics & properties and applications
What is materials?
• Materials are enabling? Materials are those substances
that make everything around us, natural as well as
synthetic. Materials are made by many natural or
human-made processes. They can be classified based
on their material properties, types, and structure.
• Examples of materials are metals, ceramics,
polymers, and composites.
 Materials Science and Engineering
• MSE aims to determine and use to
connection between the processing, structure,
and properties of materials; by doing so,
engineers can develop materials that fit
the performance criteria for specific
applications, which are useful for the
technological needs of our society. In
addition to this product-specific knowledge,
MSE is concerned with the implications of
materials production and their sustainable use
on the environment and energy resources.
Terminology of materials
• Composition means the chemical make-up of a
material.
• Structure means a description of the arrangement
of atoms, as seen at different levels of detail.
Materials scientists and engineers not only deal
with the development of materials, but also with
the synthesis and processing of materials and
manufacturing processes related to the production
of components
• The structure at the microscopic scale is known as
Terminology of materials
• Synthesis: the term refers to how
materials are made from naturally
occurring or manufactured chemicals.
• The term “processing” means how
materials are shaped into useful
components to cause changes in the
properties of different materials.
What is the difference between material
science and engineering ?
• In materials science, the importance is
on the basic relationships between the
synthesis and processing, structure, and
properties of materials.
• In materials engineering, the focus is on
how to translate or transform materials
into useful devices or structures.
Materials science and engineering tetrahedron
• Let’s look at sheet steels used in the manufacture of car
chassis.
• What are the required properties? In the manufacture of
automobile chassis, a material is needed that possesses
1. extremely high strength.
2. formed easily into aerodynamic contours(the study of
forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air.).
3. fuel efficiency, so the sheet steel must also be thin and
lightweight.
4. The sheet steels also should be able to absorb significant
amounts of energy in the event of a accident, thereby
increasing vehicle safety.
cont
• Materials scientists would examine steel at a microscopic level
to determine if its properties can be altered to meet all of these
requirements. They also would have to consider the cost of
processing this steel along with other considerations.
• How can we shape such steel into a car chassis in a cost-
effective way?
• Will the shaping process itself affect the mechanical properties
of the steel?
• What kind of coatings can be developed to make the steel
corrosion resistant?
• In some applications, we need to know if these steels could be
welded easily. From this discussion, you can see that many
issues need to be considered during the design and materials
Materials science and engineering tetrahedron

Application of the tetrahedron of materials science and engineering to sheet steels for automotive chassis.
Note that the composition, microstructure, and synthesis-processing are all interconnected and affect the
performance-to-cost ratio
Classification of materials
• According to the types
Classification of materials
• According to their functionality
Classification of solid materials
• Solid materials are classified into:
• Metals, ceramics, & polymers.

• Metals: Materials in this group are composed of

one or more metallic elements (such as iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and
often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small
amounts.
Properties of metals:
1. Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in
a very orderly manner.
2. in comparison to the ceramics and polymers,
are relatively heavy
Properties of metals:
3. Good conductors of electricity and heat because
of large non localized electrons that is electrons
are not bound to particular atoms.

4. metals are opaque (not transparent to light) a

polished surface metals have lustrous
appearance.

5. Some metals have desirable magnetic properties

Mechanical properties of metals:

6. Metals are Relatively Stiff (rigid) i.e. resistance to

bending.
Mechanical properties of metals

7. Metals are strong (strength) i.e. they have high resistance

to fracture under tensile force. (diagrams are not required)
Mechanical properties of metals:

8. Ductile (elasticity): metals are capable of large

amount of deformation without fracture. Metals
can be produce, curved, drawing, ….etc. due to
their ductility.
9. High resistance to fracture.
Applications of metals:

• Ring <=made of gold.

• Scissor, Knife <= appearance, strong
( high resistance to fracture during usage),
ease of casting to desirable shapes.
• Screw and nuts <= ductility (can be easily
turned to make teethes), strong ( high
resistance to fracturing).
• Gear <= ductile in the inner core, high
hardness at the surface
Ceramics & properties:
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently
oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example,
some of the common ceramic materials include
aluminum oxide (or alumina,Al2O3), silicon dioxide
(or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride
(Si3N4), and, in addition, what some refer to as the
traditional ceramics—those composed of clay
minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and
glass.
Mechanical Properties of ceramics:
1. ceramic materials are relatively stiff(rigid) and
strong—stiffness and strengths are comparable
to those of the metals.

2. ceramics are typically very hard (resistance to

cutting).

3. they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are

highly susceptible to fracture
Physical properties of ceramics
4. These materials are typically insulative to
the passage of heat and electricity (i.e.,
have low electrical conductivities.
Physical properties of ceramics:

5. High melting temperature so ceramics are more

resistant to high temperatures and hard environments
than metals and polymers.
6. and some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit
magnetic behavior.
7. With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be
transparent (transparent to light),
translucent, or opaque (not transparent to light).
 Applications of ceramics:

• Fire brick <= high melting temperature.

• Vas <= glassy, appearance.
• Cup <= thermal insulation, appearance.
• Scissor <=high hardness(ease to cut).
• Slab <= appearance, cost, low weight (ease of
handling and working), resistance to water, high
hardness.
Thanks