BUILDING COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURES

BUILDING
COMPONENTS
1.Sub structure

2.Super structure
 Weathering Course
Parapet

Roof Slab

Brick Masonry

Lintel

Door
Damp Proof Course
Floor Finish

Plinth
Floor Concrete
Step

Ground Level
Basement
Sand Filling

Foundation

Foundation concrete

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
 FOUNDATION
Foundation is the part of the structure which is in
direct contact with the ground to which loads are
transmitted.
A weak foundation destroys the work which is built upon it.
Functions of foundation
Even distribution of load

Reduction of load intensity

Reduction of differential settlement

Safety against sliding and overturning

Safety against undermining

Provide firm and level surface

Protection against soil movement

Requirements of a good foundation
Constructed to sustain dead load and imposed load and

transmit them to underlying soil

Rigid-to avoid differential settlement

Taken to sufficient depth

Performance should not be affected due to any unexpected

future influence
 Factors for the design
Ultimate bearing capacity
1. Bearing capacity of the Safe bearing capacity
soil
Allowable bearing capacity

Uniform settlement
Differential settlement

2. Settlement of foundations
 BEARING CAPACITY
• Supporting power of soil without any failure
• Depends on :
1. Properties of soil

2. Position of water table

3. Physical features of foundation like type, size & shape

• Ultimate Bearing Capacity : minimum gross pressure intensity at the base of foundation that the
soil fails in shear
• Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity : minimum net pressure intensity at which the soil fails in shear
• Net safe bearing capacity : obtained by dividing the net ultimate bearing capacity of the soil with a
suitable factor of safety
• Safe bearing capacity : Maximum pressure the soil can carry safely without the risk of shear
failure
 SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS
Settlement of foundations

No settlement Total settlement Differential settlement

Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building,

but differential settlement can cause severe structural damage.
Settlement of foundation means the sinking of foundation as a
consequence of compression or deformation of the soil under the
foundation

Equal Settlement :
•The structures settles by uniform amount at each and every
portion of the structure

Unequal Settlement:
•The amount of settlement is different at different parts of the
building
Causes of settlement:
•Due to weight of the structure transmitted to the soil
•Due to increased load on the surrounding soil
•Due to excavation near the foundation
•Lowering of water table
•Vibrations from moving machineries
•Deterioration of concrete by the chemical action of soil, seawater etc…
•Due to mining and tunnelling operations

Causes of differential settlement:

•Non uniform load distribution on foundations
•Non uniformity of soil types
•Percolation of water
•Overlap and concentration of stresses due to presence of adjacent foundations
 Causes of foundation failure
Unequal settlement of subsoil under the foundation
Unequal settlement of the masonry
Lateral movement of earth
Shrinkage of soil bed due to seasonal variation of moisture
content
The penetration of the roots of trees
Atmospheric action
Lateral escape of the soil beneath the foundation
Horizontal movement of the soil adjacent to the structure
Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations D<=B

Deep Foundations D>B

D - Depth of foundation

B – Width of foundation
Shallow foundations
Types of shallow foundations
Isolated or column footing
Wall or strip footing
Combined footing
Continuous footing
Cantilever footing
Raft or mat foundation
 Isolated or column footing
When the load on the column is less, a spread is given under
the column
 Wall or strip footing
The foundation which is provided through out the length of a
continuous structure is called strip footing.
 Combined footing
When a foundation or footing is
constructed for two or more
columns is called as combined
footing
Two individual footings overlap
When bearing capacity is less
when footings are constructed
near boundaries of the plot
Trapezoidal footing – when column
loads vary considerably
Continuous footing
A single continuous reinforced concrete slab is
provided as foundation for three or more columns
in a row. Continuous footing is more suitable to
prevent the differential settlement in the
structure and for the safety against earthquake.
Continuous footing
 Cantilever Footing (Strap)
Consists of an eccentric footing for the exterior column
and a concentric footing for the interior column.
A strap or a cantilever beam connects them.
Strap footing
Raft or mat foundation

A raft foundation is a combined footing which

covers the entire area beneath a structure and

supports all the walls and columns
Raft or mat foundation
Mat foundation
Raft or Mat Foundation
Raft foundations are suitable when

1.The building loads are heavy

2.The allowable soil pressure is small

3.Individual footings would require more than half the building area

4.In highly compressible soil

5.Weak spots and loose pockets in soil mass are suspected

Deep Foundation
The foundations having very large depth compared
to width are called deep foundations
E.g. Pile foundations
Well foundations
 Pile Foundation
 Piles are long slender members driven into
ground or cast at the site.

 Pile foundations are common where the soil

conditions are unfavorable for the use of
shallow foundations
Classification of Piles
1. Method of load transfer
2. Function or action
3. Composition and material
4. Installation
Classification based up on method of load transfer
1. End bearing Piles
2. Friction Piles
 End bearing piles
End bearing piles-Used to transfer load
to a suitable bearing stratum
 Friction piles
Friction Piles- used to transfer the loads to a
depth by friction along the surface area of the
piles.
Classification based up on material and composition
1. Timber Piles
2. Steel Piles
3. Concrete Piles
4. Composite Piles
Timber Piles perform well both in dry
condition and in submerged condition

Timber Piles
Used to resist lateral or horizontal forces. More
durable.

Steel Piles
Concrete Piles
Used when part of the pile is submerged under
water. Made up of concrete and steel

Composite Piles
Well Foundations
A well foundation is a well type structure, which built at the

ground level and sunk into the soil at the required level.
The bridge pier will be resting on the top of the well foundation.

The bottom of the well is plugged with concrete.

The top is covered with a well cap which is a thick concrete slab
 The bottom edge of the well foundation consists of a cutting edge. The

different c/s adopted for well foundations are

1. Circular

2. Twin circular

3. Double D

4. Dumb bell

5. Twin hexagonal

6. Rectangular
Components of well foundation
Well curb
Cutting edge
Steining
Bottom plug
Top plug
Well cap
 WELL CAP
TOP PLUG

STEINING

SAND OR SOIL
FILLING

WELL CURB
BOTTOM PLUG

CUTTING
EDGE
Well curb
 Support the wt of the well
Cutting edge
 Sharp angle for cutting the soil without making it too weak
Steining
 Walls of the well
Bottom plug
 Concrete plug provided to balance the soil pressure
Top plug
 Concrete plug provided above the sand/soil filling
Well cap
 Serves as platform for the supporting members of the superstructure
 Machine foundation
To support the dynamic forces produced by the operation of the
machine

To avoid large settlements at resonance, natural frequency of

foundation should be different operating frequency of the
machine
Types of machines
Impact type
Presses, forge hammers
Reciprocating type
Compressors, engines
Centrifugal type
Motors, turbines
Miscellaneous types

Machine foundation
BLOCK TYPE BOX TYPE

WALL TYPE FRAMED TYPE

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