CSC 339

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN
LECTURE 1

LECTURER
Dr. Zubair Adam
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY
 LECTURE 1 Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

LECTURE 2 Systems Analysis and Fact Gathering Techniques

LECTURE 3 Data Flow Diagrams and Process Description

LECTURE 4 Analyzing Processes and Descriptive Techniques

COURSE LECTURE 5 Data Modeling and System Design Principles

OVERVIEW LECTURE 6 Designing Systems - ERDs and Structure Charts

LECTURE 7 Form Designs, Security, and Automated Tools for Design

LECTURE 8 Scope of Systems Analysis and Investigation

LECTURE 9 Review and Implementation

 Introduction to
System
Concepts and
SDLC Analysis

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
• Systems analysis and design is a step-by-step process for developing high-
quality information systems.
• An information system combines information technology, people, and data to
support business requirements.
• Information systems handle daily business transactions, improve company
productivity, and help managers make sound decisions. The IT department team
includes systems analysts who plan, develop, and maintain information systems.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 SYSTEM
• A System is a complex whole comprising interrelated and interdependent
parts that work together to achieve a common goal.
• In the context of information systems, this often involves hardware,
software, data, processes, and human resources.
• Examples of a system: Library Management System etc
• A Library Management System is a comprehensive system that includes
hardware, software, processes, data, and human resources working together
to efficiently manage library resources.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Inputs Inputs: Elements that enter the system for processing.

Processes Processes: Activities or transformations that occur within

the system.

Outputs: Outputs: Results or outcomes produced by the system.

Feedback Feedback: Information that the system gathers to

evaluate and adjust its performance.

Environment Environment: The external elements that interact with the

system.

Figure 1: Components of a stem

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 SYSTEM CONCEPTS
• In order to build any system only the knowledge of its elements does not serve the purpose, there
should be fundamental clarity of some important concepts which are essential to build the efficient
system & to keep it in equilibrium. The major concepts are
I. Boundary & environment
II. Subsystem
III. Interface
IV. Feedback control
V. Black box

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 SYSTEM CONCEPTS
Boundary & environment
• Boundary: It is the entity/bound that determines the limits and the sphere of influence & control of
a system.
• Environment: Everything within the circumscribed space is called system & everything outside it is
environment.
• Flow from environment to the system is its input while a flow from system to its environment is the
output. Boundary of the system may exist physically or conceptually.

Environment System Environment

>>Input>> >>Output>>

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 SYSTEM CONCEPTS

Faculty of Science
Subsystems Computer Science
• Subsystem: An irreducible part or aggregation of parts
Math
that makes up a system; also called a subsystem.
• A complex system is difficult to implement when Physics
consider as a whole. However if we divide it into smaller
Chemistry
functional units which are of manageable sizes then
every small function unit becomes a subsystem. …Others
• In the formation of subsystem the components
performing same or similar functions are grouped. Figure 2: Example of Subsystems

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 SYSTEM CONCEPTS
Interface, Feedback and Blackbox
• Interface: The interconnections & interactions among the subsystems are termed as interfaces. In
fact each interface implies a communication path. Number of interfaces increase with number of
subsystems.
• Feedback control: In order to improve the performance of any system feedback control mechanism
can be used as a tool or device to control or modify the input of the system after analyzing the
output properly.
• Black box: Black box is the subsystems at lowest level where the inputs are defined, outputs are
determined but the processor of the system is not defined means it difficult to understand how the
transformation of input to output takes place.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTIC
Organization Structure and order e.g. Hierarchical organization in a company.

Between sub systems or the components e.g. the main memory holds
Interaction
the data that has to be operated by the ALU.

Interdependence Component linkage and Component dependence

Integration How subsystems are tied together to achieve the system objective

Central Objective Should be known in early phases of analysis

Figure 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 TYPES OF SYSTEM
• Open or Closed Systems
• Physical or Abstract Systems
• Natural & Artificial Systems
• Deterministic or Probabilistic Systems
• Integrated Systems

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 TYPES OF SYSTEM
Physical or Abstract Systems
• Physical system: These are the concrete operational systems made up of people , material,
machines energy & other physical things. For example: Management information system.
• Abstract (conceptual) system is an orderly arrangement of independent ideas. For example:
Economic theory, Theory of relativity.
• Physical systems being operational systems can display activities or behavior. While conceptual
system as it works on different ideas or concepts it displays theoretical structures.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis 03

 TYPES OF SYSTEM
Natural or Artificial Systems
• Natural systems All the naturally occurring systems are called as natural systems For example: Solar
system.
• Artificial system: All man made systems are called as artificial systems.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 TYPES OF SYSTEM
Open or Close Systems
• Open system: Open system is that system which interacts with its environment. For example: Any
business organization system exchanges its material, manpower, money & information with its
environment.
• Closed system: Closed system is that system which does not interact with its environment. It has
only controlled & well defined input & output. For example: Television is itself is closed system
which controls its sharpness, brightness automatically with sensors.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 TYPES OF SYSTEM
Deterministic & Probabilistic system
• Deterministic system: It is a system which operates in predictable manner. Stepwise execution is
always possible & output is sure. For example: computer system.
• Probabilistic system: It is a system which operates in unpredictable manner & degree of error is
always possible. Also output is not sure. For example: Weather forecasting system.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 TYPES OF SYSTEM
Integrated system
• Integrated system: An integrated system is one that combines related subsystems to form a larger
subsystem or total system. For example: Airline reservation system

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
EIS
DSS
MIS
TPS

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Transaction processing system (TPS)
• Functions: It updates history files, prepares summarized & processed transaction, and It generates
detailed transaction reports.
• Application areas: Banking system, Sales accounting system, etc.
• Users of the system: Lower level management of the system.
• Benefits:
i. Stores all transactions.
ii. Helps to trace out the problem,
iii. Gives current status of all the organizational entities.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Management information system (MIS)
• Functions: It makes use of output from the TPS as input and generates meaningful reports.
• Application areas: Marketing, production, personnel departments.
• Users: Middle level management
• Benefits:
i. Helps in planning.
ii. Helps in decision making.
iii. Suitable for analysis.

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Decision support
• Functions:
system (DSS)

i. This system makes use of internal data from MIS for studying trends I
ii. External data collected from environment to understand the environment.
• Benefits :
i. It helps to prepare analytical & planning models.
ii. It assists top level management in decision making.
• Application area: Production planning control system

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Executive information system (ESS)
• Function: It is structured & automated system provides rapid access to timely information &
management reports. This system is supported with online information services such as
electronic mail to keep the management updated with all current happenings in major
areas.
• Benefits:
i. User-friendly
ii. Fast
iii. Updated with graphics & reports

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
METHODOLOGY
• A system development methodology is an orderly & integrated collection of various methods, tools &
techniques. There are many approaches to the development of computer system, such as
I. System development life cycle(SDLC)
II. Structured system analysis & design method (SSADM)
III. System prototype method (SPM)

LECTURE 1: Introduction to System Concepts and SDLC Analysis