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Counting Methods: Math 89 - Engineering Data Analysis

The document discusses counting methods in mathematics, specifically focusing on permutations and combinations. It explains the concepts with examples, illustrating how to calculate arrangements when order matters (permutations) and when it does not (combinations). Additionally, it covers conditional probability, providing formulas and examples to demonstrate how to update probabilities based on prior events.

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claire johnson
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2 views14 pages

Counting Methods: Math 89 - Engineering Data Analysis

The document discusses counting methods in mathematics, specifically focusing on permutations and combinations. It explains the concepts with examples, illustrating how to calculate arrangements when order matters (permutations) and when it does not (combinations). Additionally, it covers conditional probability, providing formulas and examples to demonstrate how to update probabilities based on prior events.

Uploaded by

claire johnson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Counting Methods

Math 89 – Engineering Data Analysis


Permutations and
Combination
Permutations

number of ways to arrange 𝑛n distinct objects in a sequence is given by


A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a specific order. The

If selecting r objects from n and arranging them, the formula is:

Permutations are used when order matters, such as in seating


arrangements, passwords, or race rankings.
Permutations (Example)
(Example 1) Mr. Jones has 10 books that he is going to put on his
bookshelf. Of these, 4 are mathematics books, 3 are chemistry books, 2
are history books, and 1 is a language book. Jones wants to arrange his
books so that all the books dealing with the same subject are together
on the shelf. How many different arrangements are possible?
Permutations (Example)
(Example 2) Suppose that a lottery is going to pick a set of 4 numbers
from 0-9 in particular order. How many possible sets are there if these
numbers are non-repeating?
Permutations (Example)
(Example 3) A class in probability theory consists of 6 men and 4
women. An exam is given and the students are ranked according to
their performance. Assuming that no two students obtain the same
score,
(a) how many different rankings are possible?
(b) If all rankings are considered equally likely, what is the probability
that women receive the top 4 scores?
Combinations
A combination is a way of selecting items from a group where order
does not matter. This is different from a permutation, where order is
important.
The formula to calculate combinations is:

Why is there an extra in the denominator?


Since order does not matter, there are multiple ways to arrange the
same selected items. The r! in the denominator removes these extra
arrangements so that each selection is only counted once.
Combinations (Example)
(Example 4) Suppose you have 5 students (A, B, C, D, and E) and you
want to pick 3 for a team (but the order doesn’t matter). How many
number of ways are there to select a team?
Combinations (Example)
(Example 5) A committee of size 5 is to be selected from a group of 6
men and 9 women. If the selection is made randomly, what is the
probability that the committee consists of 3 men and 2 women?
Conditional Probability
Conditional Probability
Conditional probability is the probability of an event happening given
that another event has already occurred. It helps us update
probabilities based on new information.
It is written as P(A | B), which means "the probability of event A
happening given that event B has already happened.“
The formula for conditional probability is:
Conditional Probability
(Example 6) Inspectors at a construction site have observed that 20% of
the time, equipment is broken. Of those times when the equipment is
broken, 5% of the time it is also raining. What is the probability that it is
raining given that the equipment is already broken?
Conditional Probability
(Example 7) A bin contains 5 defective (that immediately fail when put
in use), 10 partially defective (that fail after a couple of hours of use),
and 25 acceptable transistors. A transistor is chosen at random from
the bin and put into use. If it does not immediately fail, what is the
probability it is acceptable?
Conditional Probability
(Example 7) Ms. Perez figures that there is a 30 percent chance that her
company will set up a branch office in Phoenix. If it does, she is 60
percent certain that she will be made manager of this new operation.
What is the probability that Perez will be a Phoenix branch office
manager?

Hint:

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